THE HISTORICAL CARTOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND

THE CARTOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND

A guide to the literature

of Scottish maps and mapping

by

John N. Moore

Third edition

2003

John N. Moore

INTRODUCTION

A third edition allows an author the chance not only to update material but also to correct earlier omissions. Hopefully, these are as comprehensive as can be possible. In addition, I have sought to extend the work's compass by extending the coverage up to 1900. I am profoundly grateful to the reviewers of the earlier editions for their suggestions and their wider vision. Any value this volume attains will be in no small part due to their advice. The overall arrangement and intent remain the same with only minor re-adjustments. Inevitably, the selection of material relies on the frailties of the author and his decisions, while final, may not be unchallengeable. This is particularly true for map lists and general discussions. In the former, I have excluded repertories and finding lists themselves but selected listings produced as guides to any collection of material - this is uniform with the inclusion of the Scottish Record Office's Descriptive List of Plans... rather than their plan catalogue. On the choice of general discussions, anyone is faced with the decision on how much (or little) mention of Scotland is acceptable in a work of wider range where Scotland is not given a section of its own. I have concentrated on recent works on British cartography in the knowledge that the choice has been selective but, I hope, of most value. Notice of any errors or omissions will be, as ever, very welcome. Again, I must record my thanks and indebtedness to many colleagues in libraries throughout the country and in the world of maps.

Glasgow

MAP LISTS, CATALOGUES, ETC. (including discussion of collections)

ADAMS, Ian H. Descriptive List of Plans (in the) Scottish Record Office. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1966. xvi, 178p.

The first in a series designed to provide researchers with a descriptive list of these plans. The introduction (pp.vii-xiv) leads into a discussion of the development of large-scale cartography in Scotland, emphasising how late development was here. Little was done prior to the 18th century and the early surveys were often the work of Englishmen whose influence seems to have been local. Change is related to the progression of the Scots economy. This volume covers the first 1200 Register House Plans (RHPs), accessioned between 1849 and 1961, arranged topographically by county and parish and mostly from the period 1750-1850. Each entry includes formal details - title, surveyor, grid reference, scale, size, number and collection - and remarks designed to indicate its individual characteristics. An extensive subject index is included.

ADAMS, Ian H. "Large-scale manuscript plans in Scotland" Journal of the Society of Archivists, vol. 3, 1967, pp.286-290.

Historical background in Scotland is given, again advancing the proposition that availability of plans is closely related to economic change. The increase in demand after the 1745 Rebellion was more the result of surveys commissioned for the improvement of forfeited estates than the influence of the Military Survey. The later 18th century saw the emergence of estate surveyors involved in planning land improvements. The article also covers the Scottish Record Office collection, describing plans deposited in the Register House, and discussing a union catalogue of large-scale manuscript plans of Scotland.

ADAMS, Ian H. "The Scottish Record Office plan collection" Cartographic Journal, vol. 4, 1967, p28.

Introduces the collection, emphasising its relevance in providing information on the period c1750-1850.

ADAMS, Ian H. Descriptive List of Plans (in the) Scottish Record Office. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1970. xvii, 154p. fig, port.

This volume covers RHPs 1201-2765, representing accessions to the collection between 1961 and 1963. It is dominated by the collection of a particular group of estates and the opening "Surveying the Gordon Castle Estates" (pp.vii-xvi) details the main activity between c1769 and 1781, done by Thomas Milne and Alexander Taylor on the border of Banff and Moray, and in Aberdeenshire and Inverness-shire. Arrangement and indexing are similar to volume one.

ADAMS, Ian H. Descriptive List of Plans (in the) Scottish Record Office. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1974. xxiii, 156p. figs, port.

Covering RHPs 2766-3788, additions from 1963 and 1964 are listed. The most important element in this list is the group of plans of the Highland Annexed Estates - the 13 largest of 53 estates originally forfeited to the Crown by the attainder for treason of their owners implicated in the 1745 Rebellion. These mid-eighteenth century documents occupy a key place in the development of Scottish surveying and cartography, particularly due to Lt.-Col. David Watson's influence. The introduction discusses the surveying of Perth and Arnprior, Struan and Perth, and Lovat and Cromarty by William Cockburn, John Lesslie and Peter May. Arrangement is similar to the previous volumes.

ADAMS, Ian H. and TIMPERLEY, Loretta R. Descriptive List of Plans in the Scottish Record Office. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Office, 1988. ix, 151p.

An annotated listing of plans RHP 3800-4999, again arranged by county and parish. The standard plan description is followed and is accompanied by an index of persons and subjects. This volume, in particular, lists over 400 individual plans of Wigtownshire from the Stair muniments, mostly of the 19th century.

BARTHOLOMEW, John G. "The cartography of Scotland from earliest times to the present date" in The Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Atlas of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Geographical Institute, 1895. pp.16-18.

A chronological list of over 170 of the principal maps, with brief notes to the major entries and library locations given. The list includes county and district maps, coastal charts and town plans.

This list re-appeared under the same title (with 2 later additions) in BARTHOLOMEW, John G. The Survey Atlas of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Geographical Institute, 1912. pp.21-23.

BRITISH MUSEUM "Scotland" in Catalogue of Maps, Prints, Drawings, etc.: forming the geographical and topographical collection attached to the library of His Late Majesty King George the Third, and presented by His Majesty King George the Fourth to the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1829. pp.306-308.

The earliest list of the King's topographical collection arranged in chronological order. Title, surveyor, date and number of sheets are the only descriptive details. County and town plan lists are included within the volume's alphabetical sequence.

BRITISH MUSEUM "Scotland" in Catalogue of the Manuscript Maps, Charts, and Plans, and of the Topographical Drawings in the British Museum. Vol. 2. By John Holmes. London: British Museum, 1844. pp.331-363.

This important catalogue of manuscripts includes the work of the Military Survey,1747-55, John Elphinstone, John Adair and William Edgar. Entries are arranged by county preceded by a section of 28 general maps.

BRITISH MUSEUM "Scotland" in Catalogue of Printed Maps, Charts and Plans. Photolithographic edition complete to 1964. Vol. 13. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1967. pp.105-162.

This most comprehensive library listing, covers atlases, general maps, various types of special and thematic maps (arranged alphabetically by subject), collections of plans and views, charts and related literature held by the Map Room and important materials held in other Departmental collections. Order in the sequence corresponds to chronological order of publication of the items catalogued. Descriptive details include title, imprint, date of publication and other relevant material transcribed from the maps, scale, dimensions, number of sheets and supplementary notes on the work, edition or copy. County and town plan lists appear in the single alphabetical sequence within the 15 volumes of the catalogue.

See also BRITISH LIBRARY "Scotland" in Catalogue of Printed Maps, Charts and Plans. Ten Year Supplement. 1965-1974. London: Printed for the British Library by British Museum Publications, 1978. pp.1030-1037; and BRITISH LIBRARY Catalogue of Cartographic Materials: accessions since 1975. London: British Library, 1989. Microfiche; Catalogue of Cartographic Materials in the British Library: 1975-1988 London: Bowker-Saur, 1989. 3 vols.

An alphabetical listing of all relevant material acquired by the Map Library since 1974 and current map accessions to Manuscript Collections. There are three sequences: Geographic Names, Names/Titles and Subjects.

CHUBB, Thomas "The atlases of Scotland" in The Printed Maps in the Atlases of Great Britain and Ireland: a bibliography, 1579-1870. London: Homeland Association, 1927; Dawson, 1974. pp.369-401. plate.

Arranged chronologically, this listing is a valuable first essay at a comprehensive coverage of the atlases, which includes a discussion of their contents. Various editions, reprints and collections illustrating other works are discussed. Rather surprisingly, Sibbald's unpublished "Account of the Scottish Atlas" (1683) is listed. Soil, geological, road and historical, as well as topographical maps are covered. Book Four (pp419-457) contains biographical details on many of the cartographers, engravers and publishers responsible for these works.

CONNOLLY, Margaret J. (compiler) Pre 1940 Scottish Town Plans available in the Department of History and Topography. Glasgow: City of Glasgow District Council Libraries, 1990. 127p.

An alphabetical listing, by town, of some 290 plans held in the Mitchell Library. Size, date, surveyor, title and location are given and reproductions indicated.

GALE, Lindsay Catalogue of pre-1900 non-Ordnance Survey Maps and Plans held in the Mitchell Library. Glasgow: Mitchell Library, 1982. 43p.

A listing, based on the 3rd edition of "The Early Maps of Scotland", showing the holdings of this major library. Sections cover the Cairns Mitchell collection, small scale, county and road maps, and street plans. Over 550 items are noted.

HILL, Shona A. (compiler) Pre 1900 County Maps of Scotland: a guide to those available in the History and Topography Department. Glasgow: Mitchell Library, 1989. 89p.

The introduction indicates that this is not exhaustive but a guide to non-Ordnance Survey maps prior to 1900, arranged by county and date, with notes on size, scale and location. Over 400 maps, including geological, agricultural, estate and coastal maps, are listed.

MITCHELL, Arthur and CASH, Caleb G. "Maps" in A Contribution to the Bibliography of Scottish Topography. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1917. pp563-601. Scottish History Society Publications. Second Series, vol. 15.

A valuable selection of the major atlases and maps covering Scotland, predating the work of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. The list details general and special atlases, maps of Scotland issued separately (arranged by cartographer), maps of parts of Scotland (by county), town plans, sea charts and battle plans.

MITCHELL LIBRARY List of Maps of Scotland. Glasgow: Mitchell Library, 1954. Typescript. 14p.

Over 200 entries, from the Harleian Mappemonde, c1536, held in the Library are in 3 chronological sections - namely maps in the Cairns Mitchell collection, general and undated. Section One gives author, date, title and size in inches. Sections Two and Three give location, and, occasionally, scale.

MOORE, John N. "Early printed county maps of Scotland in Glasgow University Library" The College Courant, no 73, 1984, pp.16-27. plates.

A descriptive list of those county maps issued as separate sheets which are held in the University Library.

PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE "Scotland" in Maps and Plans in the Public Record Office. Vol. 1. British Isles, c1410-1860. London: H.M.S.O., 1967. pp.593-612.

108 entries are described, arranged by county, parish and date, following a short group of general maps. Date, size, scale (where mentioned or confidently deduced), presence of a compass indicator and evidence of colouring are indicated, as is whether the map is printed or manuscript.

RODGER, Elizabeth M. "Scotland" in The Large Scale County Maps of the British Isles 1596-1850: a union list. 2nd rev ed. Oxford: Bodleian Library, 1972. pp.33-40.

Based on work by TOOLEY, 120 printed maps are listed by county and date. Locations in major libraries are given but atlas maps, communications and coastal maps are excluded. With some exceptions, the list keeps to those on a scale between half an inch and three inches to one mile. Notes detail scale, number of sheets, area depicted and date of facsimiles.

SINCLAIR, C.J. "Register House plans" Cartographic Journal, vol 14, 1977, pp.140-141.

A brief description of the range of documents held in the Scottish Record Office in Edinburgh.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The cartographic treasures of Aberdeen University Library" Map Collector, no 36, 1986, pp.30-34. illus.

Sketches a working university collection, especially strong in Scottish cartography.

GENERAL DISCUSSIONS

ARROWSMITH, Aaron Memoir relative to the Construction of the Map of Scotland published by Aaron Arrowsmith in the year 1807. London: Arrowsmith, 1809. 45p. facsims.

Describes the authorities on which the map is founded and the progress of work to publication in 1807, including valuable detail on the Military Survey,1747-55. Earlier maps are also discussed in relation to their value, including those by Richard of Cirencester, Mercator, Blaeu, Pont (but dating his work around 1608), Adair, Elphinstone, Grierson, Dorrett and Ainslie. The nautical charts of Downie, Ainslie, Mackenzie, Huddart and Bryce are mentioned, as are various island surveys used as bases for his map. Lists of road surveys in the Highlands (with surveyor and date), maps and other authorities (with date) and tables of longitude and latitude and magnetic variation are appended.

BARTHOLOMEW, John "Early Scottish cartographers" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 67, 1951, pp.101-104. plates.

The contribution made to the mapping of Scotland by the voyage round most of the shores by King James V in 1540 under the direction of his pilot, Alexander Lindsay, and the landward work of Timothy Pont, John Adair, John Ainslie and William Roy are assessed.

BRYDEN, D.J. Scottish Scientific Instrument-Makers 1600-1900. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Museum, 1972. ix, 59p. figs. Royal Scottish Museum Information Series. Technology 1.

Within the wider scientific field, the activities of Scottish mathematicians, including those making survey instruments, are examined. Edinburgh and Glasgow were the two most important centres but, overall, trade was characterised by a small domestic market and strong competition from London until the nineteenth century. A most useful list of craftsmen is included.

BUSHNELL, George H. Scottish Engravers: a biographical dictionary of Scottish engravers and of engravers who worked in Scotland to the beginning of the nineteenth century. London: Oxford University Press, 1949. xii, 60p.

Includes short details of some thirty engravers and surveyors of Scottish maps from John Adair to Charles Thomson. Inevitably, there are omissions of name and detail (e.g. Richard Cooper has not been credited with map engraving) but it is a useful early guide to major figures.

CHALMERS, George "Of its chorography" in Caledonia: or, An account, historical and topographic, of North Britain, from the most ancient to the present times. Vol. 2. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1810. pp.55-66.

A brief and rather erroneous historical account of the maps of Scotland. Many questionable statements are made (e.g. his supposition of the eastward turn in Ptolemy's map being linked to the eastward trend of the Moray Firth and that Gordon edited the Pont maps prior to dispatch to Amsterdam).

CLARK, A. Carson "The Scots contribution - Pont to Bartholomew" Proceedings of the 13th Annual Summer School, Society of University Cartographers, Aberdeen, 1977, pp.1-5. figs.

The work of Timothy Pont, John Ainslie and Alexander Johnston is highlighted in particular.

DONNACHIE, Ian L. "Scotland in maps" Scotland's Magazine and Scottish Country Life, vol. 61, pt 5, May 1965, pp.12-15. illus.

A short, and at times inaccurate, historical sketch of various maps covering Scotland from that of Matthew Paris (c1250) through to the surveys of Timothy Pont and William Roy.

DOUGLAS, William "Note on old Scottish maps" Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, vol. 2, 1893, pp.283-284.

7 early maps including those by John Leslie and Pont are noted.

EDEN, Peter (ed.) Dictionary of Land Surveyors and Local Cartographers of Great Britain and Ireland, 1550-1850. Folkestone: Dawson, 1975-79. 3 vols. and supplement; as 1 volume, 1979. 528p.

Based on the Index of Land Surveyors, a most important source for details on the careers and activities of British cartographers and surveyors. Alternative occupations are included and the supplement carries a topographical index as well as addenda and corrigenda with over 800 Scottish entries.

GOUGH, Richard "Maps" in Anecdotes of British Topography: or, An historical account of what has been done for illustrating the topographical antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Published by W. Richardson and S. Clark and sold by T. Payne and W. Brown, 1768. pp.628-632.

A listing of maps from the manuscript in the Harding Chronicle to Geographia Scotiae by Kitchin (1746). His comments on Pont and Gordon have several mistakes based on NICOLSON's earlier account.

GOUGH, Richard "Maps" in British Topography: or, An historical account of what has been done for illustrating the topographical antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2. London: Printed for T. Payne and Son, and J. Nichols, 1780. pp.579-602. facsims.

An enlarged version of No. 31, giving more information on the Harding Chronicle manuscript, particularly the place names. The map by Bishop Leslie is claimed as the first printed map. It is mostly eighteenth century maps which are discussed, although the work of Pont's survey and manuscripts are detailed. His list of "The original drawings of Pont's maps" is a unique record of the collection as it was at that time. The author's earlier mistakes remain unaltered.

HARKER, Alfred "On some old maps" Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, vol. 13, 1915, pp273-281, 310-320; vol. 14, 1916, pp.18-25, 61-71. facsims, plate.

Four articles relating to the Scottish Highlands and how they have become known to map-makers gradually from 1750 onwards. The depiction, naming and choice of roads and mountains are studied, emphasising the degree of copying, often erroneously, of early cartographers. The final article features Skye in greater detail with regard to general outline and depiction of mountains.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "Early maps of Scotland and their authors. (Maps in the library of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society)" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 34, 1918, pp.217-230. figs.

Considers 27 early examples from Mercator's outline - the first known reliable map but possibly based on an earlier unknown work. Differences in the various configurations are indicated to give an idea of accuracy and reliability. By studying the coastline of the Hebrides and the shape of the Wigtownshire coast, c1600-1750, the original source of copied maps can be discerned.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "The early maps of Scotland - part II. (Maps in the library of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society)" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 34, 1918, pp.378-386. facsim, fig.

Studies Scottish maps between 1573 and 1745, looking at the various depictions of the Orkney Islands. Outline comparisons assist a possible rough dating.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "Unknown maps of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 34, 1918, pp.466-467.

Two maps donated to the National Collection are mentioned; the first is discussed by ANDREWS (1919) while the latter, by Barbie de Bocage, appears to have been issued about 1800.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "The early maps of Scotland - part III. (With "Notes on the earliest-known printed map of Scotland" by Michael C. Andrews)" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 35, 1919, pp.41-46. facsim, fig.

Introduction to ANDREWS with a summary of the period in which an early Italian printed map of Scotland was produced. The possibility of earlier maps which were worked on to create a variety of outline is suggested.

INGLIS, Harry R.G., MATHIESON, John and WATSON, C.B. Boog The Early Maps of Scotland with an account of the Ordnance Survey. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1934. 120p. facsims, figs, plates.

The first general listing of all the early maps, including canal, agricultural, geological, historical and railway maps, together with river and coastal charts. A short introduction tries to divide the cartographic development into six generalised periods but, in the light of modern research, is inaccurate. Arrangement of the maps is chronological, with descriptions and locations in major libraries. Larger scale maps, by county, follow a general section. A chapter on early map-making instruments with a sketch of the Ordnance Survey precedes an alphabetical inventory of town plans.

INGLIS, Peg "Putting Scotland on the map" Scotland's Magazine, vol. 52, pt 7, July 1956, pp.18-20. illus.

Popular and rather erratic account of some Scottish maps up to that of James Knox (1782) and including Moll's map of 1714.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE HISTORY OF CARTOGRAPHY, FOURTH The Mapping of Scotland. Edinburgh: Bartholomew, 1971. 32p. facsims.

A booklet of facsimile reproductions from some of the earliest maps to those of the 19th century prepared by the committee of the IVth International Conference on the History of Cartography. Useful notes and brief text summarise cartographic progress.

JOHNSTON, Alexander K. "Historical notice of the progress of the Ordnance Survey in Scotland" Nautical Magazine, vol. 20, 1851, pp.473-480.

Written as part of the campaign to recommence the Ordnance Survey of Scotland, this critical summary reviews the work of Pont, Ainslie and Roy before discussing the contemporary work of the Survey. The neglect often shown to Scotland in preference to England and Ireland is emphasised. This paper also appeared in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 3, 1851, pp.31-41.

KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. "On the map: [Scottish maps]" Scottish Book Collector, vol. 2, no 2, 1989, pp.8-13. illus.

The value of maps as information sources, collector's items and decoration is sketched with a study of some historical topics from 1578 (John Leslie) to the 1880's (John Bartholomew).

MOIR, Donald G. Early Scottish Maps and Travel: a short account prepared on the occasion of the Society's Exhibition, August 1947. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1947. 8p.

Sketches some early maps from the time of Ptolemy and mentioning the work of Pont, the Military Survey,1747-55 and road maps.

MORELAND, Carl and BANNISTER, David "Scotland" in Antique Maps. 3rd ed. Oxford: Phaidon, 1989. pp.183-188. illus. (Christie's Collectors Guides)

A general collector's introduction with no claim to original research, which, unfortunately leads to perpetuation of certain mistaken statements. Only the briefest history and biographical information are presented with no mention of county maps. Elsewhere, irritating errors - the Military Survey mapping of southern Scotland was not hurriedly finished in 1758, mis-spellings and oversights (e.g. the omission of the National Library of Scotland as a major map collection) detract from the work's value.

NICOLSON, William "Of the writers on the general and special geography, natural history and state-government of the kingdom of Scotland" in The Scottish Historical Library: containing a short view and character of most of the writers,... down to the union of the two kingdoms in K. James the VI. London: T. Childe, 1702. pp.1-60.

This review of Scots writers includes the first account of the Blaeu atlas (pp.17-25). Grave errors occur - notably that Scot financed the survey from the beginning and knew Pont. The exaggeration of Robert Gordon's role in editorship was copied closely by later writers, including GOUGH. The work of Adair and Leslie and the Harding Chronicle map are also mentioned.

RAWNSLEY, J.E. "Early Scottish maps and their makers" Scotland's Magazine and Scottish Country Life, vol. 62, pt 2, Feb 1966, pp.14-16. illus.

Inaccurate in places, this reviews printed maps including those by Moll and Ainslie.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY The Early Maps of Scotland with an account of the Ordnance Survey. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1936. 171p. facsims, figs, plates.

Published in response to the additional matter brought forward by the first edition, many more maps and plans are listed, a section on road maps and itineraries added and a bibliography appended.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY The Early Maps of Scotland to 1850. Vol. 1. (With "A History of Scottish Maps" by D.G. Moir). 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1973. xi, 243p. figs, plates.

The most comprehensive study of all aspects of Scots cartography from the earliest known maps, brought up to date with fuller details, more maps and valuable chapters on Timothy Pont and the Blaeu atlas, John Adair, and the Military Survey,1747-55. Sadly, the work is not free of minor mistakes - John Elphinstone appears in the chapter entitled "English Cartographers" and Alexander Bryce is confused with Alexander Bruce as the surveyor of a plan of Loch Sunart. Biographical notes on engravers, publishers and cartographers give many new insights. The second part lists maps of Scotland chronologically within five periods, with notes of date, author, title, size, scale, details of the source work, editions and locations.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY The Early Maps of Scotland to 1850. Vol. 2. (Edited by D.G. Moir). 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1983. vii, 310p. illus.

An important updating of subsidiary sections of the earlier editions, covering marine charts, road, military, canal, railway, agricultural, geological, historical and county maps and town plans. The work is largely a catalogue of over 2,000 items with locations and only brief textual discussion. A valuable biography of John Wood ends the town plan section.

SHEARER, John E. "The evolution of the map of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 21, 1905, pp.289-301, 532-539. facsims, figs.

An erratic account covering the whole history to the 19th century. Large topics - the Military Survey, road maps- are omitted and the information supplied is questionable at times.

SHEARER, John E. "Maps of Scotland, ancient and modern" Transactions of the Stirling Natural History and Archaeological Society, 1905, pp.53-78.

Eighteen maps of the British Isles and, more particularly, Scotland from that of Strabo, c20 B.C., to one by Bowles of 1760 are introduced. The second half relates to district maps (26 in all), concentrating on Stirlingshire and the Central Lowlands. There are distracting errors in the text (e.g. the attestation of Gordon surveying the country himself).

SHEARER, John E. Old Maps and Map Makers of Scotland. Stirling: R.S.Shearer, 1905. vi, 86p. facsims.

A generalised history from the period of Strabo to the 19th century, again with some questionable comments. One major omission is the lack of mention of the Military Survey. The author concludes with a selection of district maps, 1630-1832.

SMITH, David "Scotland" in Antique Maps of the British Isles. London: Batsford, 1982. pp.25-28. illus.

Largely derived from other studies, this well-illustrated but general introduction traces the development of land mapping. The role of the Gordons as editors of the Pont manuscripts continues to be stressed. Scotland's entry has a brief, selective bibliography. Throughout the text, references are made to Scottish maps and cartographers in discussing subjects but major omissions occur (e.g. neither Pont, the Gordons nor Greenvile Collins are listed in the map-makers section nor is the (then) Scottish Record Office recorded as a major map collection).

SMITH, David Maps and Plans for the Local Historian and Collector: a guide to types of maps of the British Isles produced before 1914 valuable to local and other historians and mostly available to collectors. London: Batsford, 1988. 240p. facsims, illus, plates.

A general guide by map type (e.g. estate plans, regional maps), derived mainly from other sources and with mention of Scottish maps throughout. The number of illustrations and a break-down of county maps (p82-7) are of great value. Omissions (e.g. no mention of geological mapping) and errors (the Ross map is not the first recorded plan of Glasgow) may be related to the source material.

SMITH, Diana C.F. Surveying Instruments and Techniques and their Introduction into Scotland in the 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 1971.

A resume of the development of techniques, stressing their later appearance in Scotland being related to the demands of the time and not to any innate backwardness. Using estate accounts and surveyors' letters, the author has collocated information on the methods used, especially in the 18th century, showing equipment was often bought and owned by landowners and not surveyors.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The study of the early maps of Scotland - the way ahead" in WOOD, Michael (ed.) Cartography: the way ahead. Proceedings of the Joint Royal Scottish Geographical Society and British Cartographic Society Symposium, University of Aberdeen, May 1985. Norwich: Geo Books, 1987. pp.77-85.

Using recently published texts and reviews, major areas of past research are highlighted and topics for possible potential study are indicated.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Schottland" in KRETSCHMER, Ingrid, DORFLINGER, Johannes and WAWRIK, Franz (eds.) Lexikon zur Geschichte der Kartographie: von den Anfangen bis zum Ersten Weltkreig. Bd 2. Vienna: Franz Deuticke, 1986. pp.712-713. Die Kartographie und ihre Randgebiete. Enzyklopadie. Bd. C/2.

A concise resume of the major landmarks and figures from Ptolemy to John Bartholomew.

TAYLOR, Alexander B. "Early Scottish map makers" The Scotsman Week-End Magazine, Saturday, August 8th, 1964, p.1. illus.

Highlights work by Lindsay, Elder, Pont, Adair, Roy and Mackenzie in connection with an Edinburgh exhibition. Annoying minor errors appear (e.g. the claim that Roy worked in "Wade's road building organisation").

TAYLOR, Alexander B. "Some additional early maps of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 77, 1961, pp.37-43. plates.

Short descriptive notes on fourteen 16th century maps unrecorded earlier. Many are located abroad.

THOMSON, John "Introduction to the atlas of Scotland" in The Atlas of Scotland, containing Maps of Each County,...Accompanied with a memoir of the geography of Scotland, view of the comparative length of the rivers, height of the mountains, and a consulting index, to facilitate the finding out of places, etc. Edinburgh: John Thomson, 1832. pp.i-vii.

Discusses Scots geography, including the major surveys from the time of James V and his voyage around Scotland with much detail on the Military Survey and is a valuable county list of authorities for the atlas maps.

TOOLEY, Ronald V. Tooley's Dictionary of Mapmakers. New York, Amsterdam: Alan R. Liss, Meridian, 1979. xii, 684p. illus. Supplement, 1985. x, 116p. illus.

Seeking to provide information on persons concerned with the production of maps up to 1900, this comprehensive coverage is arranged by person with details of dates, titles, working addresses, main output and editions. Much of the first half earlier appeared in issues of Map Collector's Circle. With such a wide remit, the facts on any one individual are inevitably compact, selective and tend to ignore recent research. The supplement adds 4,000 names and, in all, the two volumes list some 25,000 people. In truth, the work is based on the author's experience in the map trade but cannot be said to be exhaustive.

TOOLEY, Ronald V. "Scotland and Ireland" in Maps and Map-Makers. 7 ed. London: Batsford, 1987. pp.86-95. illus.

Covers most important topics but ignores much recent research, especially in regard to Pont and the Gordons. The impression is given that Elphinstone's map post-dates the 1745 Rebellion. Map re-issues and imprints are detailed.

WEBSTER, Diana C.F. "Mony and diverse ways: surveying in Scotland before 1820" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.79-88. illus.

Similar to the author's earlier work, as an unpublished dissertation in 1971.

WITHERS, Charles W.J. "The Scottish Highlands outlined: cartographic evidence for the position of the Highland-Lowland boundary" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 98, 1982, pp.143-157. figs.

An examination of a series of maps from 1700 to 1895 which show a highland/lowland division, proving there has been little change in perception of its location over the period. Evidence reveals the boundary mirrors the extent of the Highlands as a language area.

EXHIBITIONS

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FERRO, David P. The Development of the Mapping of Scotland: an exhibition of maps and atlases from the fifteenth century to the present. April 1st to June 18th, 1976. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Library, 1976. 10p.

The exhibition focussed attention on major periods of progress, with maps of the same district being displayed to show change in content and landscape. 34 items are noted from Ptolemy's Cosmographia to recent Ordnance and Geological Survey maps. Maps of the local area predominate. The exhibition was also mounted between November 1st, 1973 and January 18th, 1974.

KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. "Map exhibitions in Edinburgh, July-August 1964" Cartographic Journal, vol. 1, no 2, 1964, pp.16-19.

An account of four displays mounted in the city during the meetings of the Second Technical Conference of the International Cartographic Association, two of which were based on early maps and estate plans of Scotland. The author describes briefly some of those on show and discusses the work of Pont, Roy and Gordon.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY "Early attempts to map Scotland" in Mapping Britain: a booklet prepared on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society to serve as an outline of the processes of surveying and as a guide to the exhibition held in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, from 14th May to 25th June, 1960. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1960. pp.3-11. illus.

A concise historical introduction is followed by an annotated list of 21 Scottish maps which show changes in the shape of the country's delineation over the period 150-1807.

A report of the exhibition appeared as KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. "Mapping Britain exhibition" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 76, 1960, pp.112-114. plate (with description on p88).

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY Catalogue of Exhibition of Early Maps of Scotland. Edinburgh Public Library. 9th July to 5th. August, 1964. Edinburgh: [Royal Scottish Geographical Society], 1964. Typescript. 6p.

63 items are included, covering the period from the "Gough Map" (c1340) to Lancefield's 1851 plan of Edinburgh and including general, miscellaneous and county maps, maritime charts and 13 plans of Edinburgh. Few notes - author, title and date - are given.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (Dundee Centre) Scotland, Tayside and Fife in Maps: centenary map exhibition. Bonar Hall, University of Dundee. 13th-24th November, 1984. Dundee: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1984. 12p.

A listing of 90 maps displayed in association with the conference, "Aspects of the Maps of Scotland", 17th November, 1984. General maps, atlases, county maps and charts, road and town plans, and sections of the Military Survey covering Fife and Tayside are included, with locations.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (Glasgow Centre) Scotland on the Map: an exhibition of maps held in the Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow, from March 24th to April 22nd, 1956, to mark the seventieth session of the Society in Glasgow. Glasgow: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1956. 23p.

This descriptive catalogue of exhibits covers the earliest maps, those of the Jacobite Risings, the private land surveyors, road atlases and books, charts of the coast and rivers, maps of Glasgow and the work of the Ordnance Survey.

Report of the exhibition in RAE, Gordon "Scotland on the map" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 72, 1956, p.122.

EARLY MAPS OF BRITAIN

Ptolemy:

BRADLEY, Henry "Ptolemy's Geography of the British Isles" Archaeologia, vol. 48, 1885, pp.379-396. fig.

An analysis of the map drawn from Ptolemy's table of latitudes and longitudes, in which the author, rather weakly, suggests that the eastward twist of Scotland was due to turning a sectional map of Scotland the wrong way. Place names and description of the coastline are discussed in detail for the whole map but many assumptions are without much explanation or evidence.

RICHMOND, Ian A. "Ptolemaic Scotland" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 61, 1921-2, pp.288-301. figs.

A re-consideration of the shape and map of Scotland, based mainly on work by Rylands and other recent research. The River Wear is used as the pivot on which Scotland is turned.

RIVET, A.L.F. and SMITH, Colin "Earlier studies of Ptolemy's Britain" and "The "turning" of Scotland" in The Place-Names of Roman Britain. London: Batsford, 1979. pp.108-114.

A valuable review of earlier works on the depiction confirming TIERNEY's conclusions by comparisons with the Almagest, showing the general shape of Britain to have remained as before with new detail manipulated to fit that shape. A suggested realignment is based on a one-seventh rotation centred on the River Eden. It is suggested earlier (p105) that places indicated were chosen for the overall purpose of mapping the inhabited world and not for any intrinsic importance. Hence, the omission of towns does not imply ignorance of their existence, merely that their inclusion was not deemed necessary. Several bearings may be inaccurate.

TIERNEY, James J. "Ptolemy's map of Scotland" Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 79, 1959, pp.132-148. figs.

The abrupt eastward turn in Ptolemy's map is considered to be due to a correction in the position of Britain with the availability of more exact information from the Roman invasion, but which excluded Scotland. Details on Scotland were extremely poor and it remained shown on an east-west axis, as it had since Eratosthenes and Pytheas. Ptolemy's system of giving locations was highly conventionalised with a low degree of accuracy. The author attempts to show that speculation on place names need not be hampered by his apparently astronomical data which never truly existed.

Idrisi:

DUNLOP, D.M. "Scotland according to al-Idrisi, c. A.D. 1154" Scottish Historical Review, vol. 26, 1947, pp.114-118. plates.

Discusses this Arab geographer's major work - the Book of Roger - and its maps with regard to Scotland.

DUNLOP, D.M. "R-slanda in Al-Idrisi" Scottish Historical Review, vol. 34, 1955, pp.95-96.

Reply to STEVENSON with an alternative of the Faroes for the site of R-slanda on Idrisi's map of the British Isles.

STEVENSON, W.B. "Idrisi's map of Scotland" Scottish Historical Review, vol. 27, 1948, pp.202-204.

A more detailed study of the Idrisi map discussed in no. 75, with alternative suggestions for the location of R-slanda and Bashka.

Gough Map:

PARSONS, E.J.S. "Representation of Scotland" in The Map of Great Britain circa A.D. 1360 known as the Gough Map: an introduction to the facsimile. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Bodleian Library and the Royal Geographical Society, 1958. pp11-14. Royal Geographical Society reproductions of early manuscript maps, 4 : Bodleian Library map reproductions, 1.

Emphasises the crude fashion in which Scotland is depicted, in particular the waterway running right across the country - a persistent feature of early maps. Some appreciation of the main elements of south Scotland is shown with several town and castle sketches. Bridges and ferries marked were probably intended to serve travellers. Place names, or the readable parts of them, along with their modern form and notes on other information portrayed, are arranged by county on pp.28-31.

EARLIEST MAPS OF SCOTLAND

ANDREWS, Michael C. "Notes on the earliest-known printed map of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 35, 1919, pp.43-46. fig, map.

An anonymous Italian map (c1560-70), possibly a copy from a 1558 map of the British Isles by Sebastian Re, is studied.

DESTOMBES, Marcel "La plus ancienne carte regionale de l'Ecosse (1559)" Gazette des Beaux-Arts, series 6, vol. 78, 1971, pp.305-306. fig.

Considers a hand-drawn map of the east coast from Berwick to Aberdeen discovered in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, possibly the oldest regional map of Scotland.

TAYLOR, Alexander B. "Name studies in sixteenth century Scottish maps" Imago Mundi, vol. 19, 1965, pp.81-99. figs.

Comparison of the forms of place names to show the relationship of a group of maps is described. More a discussion of the procedures of textual analysis and "stemmatics" than a consideration of the maps concerned.

Bishop John Leslie:

SKELTON, Raleigh A. "Bishop Leslie's maps of Scotland, 1578" Imago Mundi, vol. 7, 1950, pp.103-106. fig.

The sources and circumstances of the publication of two maps engraved in Rome under the auspices of John Leslie, Bishop of Ross are reviewed. Evidence suggests a French printing however.

Gerald Mercator:

REINHARD, Walter Zur Entwickelung des Kartenbildes der Britischen Inseln bis auf Merkators Karte vom Jahre 1564. Zschopau: Raschke, 1909; Amsterdam: Meridian, 1967. xii, 155p. fig.

In a study of the mapping of the British Isles up to Mercator's map of 1564, the representation on portolan charts and medieval maps is considered before a detailed analysis of the map itself, in which Scotland is especially viewed in chapter 5. The map is seen to be a great improvement in detail and delineation.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "A copy of Mercator's Scotia Regnum with manuscript annotation" Imago Mundi, vol. 27, 1975, pp.43-46. figs.

Discusses a Mercator map displayed in King's College Library, University of Aberdeen and the problems it poses.

TIMOTHY PONT AND THE BLAEU ATLAS OF SCOTLAND

BAXTER, A.D. "The Gordon-Blaeu map of Scotland: a note." Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 87, 1971, p.222.

A brief note on Scotia Regnum - a close copy of the Gordon-Blaeu map of 1654, published by Philip Lea in his edition of Saxton's atlas, The Shires of England and Wales.

CASH, Caleb G. "The first topographical survey of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 17, 1901, pp.399-414.

The first detailed analysis of Pont's work and its preparation for the Blaeu atlas of 1654. The contributions of John Scot, Robert and James Gordon, and Willem and Joan Blaeu are dealt with. Earlier errors in regard to the work are commented upon and an appeal is made for the study and preservation of the maps.

CASH, Caleb G. "Manuscript maps by Pont, the Gordons, and Adair, in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 23, 1907, pp.574-592.

A detailed listing of 111 sheets of maps drawn by Timothy Pont, Robert and James Gordon, and John Adair. The three lists are arranged topographically from north and west to south and east, and numbered as they were re-bound in 3 volumes. Each map has a brief statement as to the district shown, style of execution and any other noteworthy aspect. Size and scales are also given.

COCKBURN, J.Hutchison "Timothy Pont, Scotland's pioneer cartographer" The Society of Friends of Dunblane Cathedral, vol. 6, 1951, pp.47-49. plates.

A short account of Pont's life, his survey and the subsequent publication of his work.

CUMMING, A.S. "Gordon of Straloch's astrolabe" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 42, 1926, pp.79-82. figs.

Considers this instrument made in Paris possibly in the 15th century. The latitude of one of its plates corresponds to that of Straloch, thereby confirming Gordon's ownership.

FERRO, David P. and STONE, Jeffrey C. "The provenance of two early atlases of Scotland, containing contemporary insertions" Deeside Field, series 3, vol. 2, 1978, pp.35-44. figs.

The copies of the Scottish volume of the Blaeu atlas in Aberdeen and Edinburgh Universities are discussed, comparing respective manuscript dedications. The former copy, once owned by CASH, is the one presented by Blaeu to Robert Gordon while it is suggested that the latter alone is in Robert Gordon's hand, probably dated late 1647. Such information gives more insight into the events linking manuscripts and atlas, and the business ties that existed between Blaeu and Gordon.

FRASER, Ian A. "Timothy Pont and the Blaeu atlas" GE, vol. 15, 1966, pp.4-6.

Resume of the earliest topographic survey, emphasising the role of Robert and James Gordon. GE is the magazine of the Geographical Society, Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh.

"The great Straloch" Blackwood's Magazine, vol. 192, 1912, pp.243-251.

Brief biography of Robert Gordon of Pitlurg and Straloch and some of his family. The valuable contributions of his topographical descriptions and maps are emphasised.

HUTCHIESON, Alexander R. "Bequest to the Royal Scottish Museum - astrolabe of Robert Gordon of Straloch" Mariner's Mirror, vol. 34, 1948, pp.122-123.

Describes this instrument, acquired by Gordon in 1597 and used for solar calculation and navigation. The comments on Gordon's work are rather questionable.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "The first atlas of Scotland" S.M.T. Magazine and Scottish Country Life, vol. 18, pt 2, 1937, pp.30-33. illus.

Somewhat inaccurate account of Blaeu's atlas of 1654 from the maps of Timothy Pont and the role played by Sir John Scot and Robert and James Gordon. The author makes a grave error in his assertion of the Gordons' editorship which exaggerates the previous mistakes of earlier writers.

KETELBY, C.D.M. "The first Scottish atlas" Rothmill Quarterly, vol. 37, 1967, pp.45-50. illus.

The fortunes of the first detailed survey and the major figures in the production of the atlas are described. Emphasis is placed on the difficulties and delays and the significant role in the publication played by Sir John Scot.

KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. "Antique maps of Scotland" Scotland's Magazine, vol. 63, pt. 6, June 1967, pp.29-31. illus.

Pont's survey and its value realised through the action of Sir John Scot and Robert Gordon are reviewed.

KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. "A note on Timothy Pont's survey of Scotland" Scottish Studies, vol. 12, 1968, pp.187-189.

Draws attention to a newly discovered document relating to the work of Pont found in the National Library of Scotland.

KOEMAN, Cornelis "Volume VI Scotland and Ireland" in Joan Blaeu and his Grand Atlas. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1970. pp.70-72, 76.

A precis of the work by SKELTON and MOIR on the complicated history of the production of this atlas, which exaggerates the importance of the role of Robert Gordon as editor.

MARSHALL, John "The men who put Scotland on the map: John Marshall celebrates the 400th anniversary of the birth of R. Gordon of Straloch, one of the team responsible for Scotland's first atlas" The Weekend Scotsman, Saturday, September 13th, 1980, p.1. port.

Short account of Gordon's association with the Blaeu atlas of 1654. The contributions of Pont, Scot and James Gordon are also mentioned. As can be seen, the author tends to over-emphasise Gordon's importance.

MAXWELL, Herbert E. "Timothy Pont" in Memories of the Months. Seventh Series. London: Arnold, 1922. pp.207-213.

This rarely quoted review of Pont's achievement praises the quality of his work but dates the survey between 1610 and 1614. The author claims "Pont's maps fall far short of accuracy" and joins those who assert that the Gordons revised all the manuscript maps in 1642 before dispatch to Amsterdam in 1645. He describes the historical background to the survey emphasising the lack of a patron. Overall, it is Pont who is praised and the author agrees with James Gordon that "it would be an act of utmost ingratitude to allow the memory of this man to sink into oblivion".

MEGAW, B.R.S. "The date of Pont's survey and its background" Scottish Studies, vol. 13, 1969, pp.71-74.

Based on a summarised letter from the Calendar of State Papers relating to Ireland, 1596-7, the author proposes that Pont's survey had been virtually completed by the summer of 1596.

MITCHELL, Stephen V. The 1654 Map of Scotland: a study in historical cartography. Unpublished B.Sc. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1976.

The history, information content and accuracy in distance and orientation of the map Scotia Regnum by Robert Gordon for the Blaeu atlas is assessed. Coastline, relief and drainage are studied. Some of the author's statements appear questionable and contradictory, and there is doubt about the sufficiency of his investigation of information. Comparison with a modern map would have been of more value had that map's title been given. Many of the tables are useless as no idea is given of what places are referred to. Some sweeping comments about the 1635 map are made, giving rise to questions about the author's objectivity. The lack of proper editing causes confusion and one is left feeling that the tests have only produced the required results. The map, as stated, should not be judged out of context, but critically analysed as a developmental stage. This author believes that such analysis as was done was neither critical nor analytical.

MOIR, Donald G. and SKELTON, Raleigh A. "New light on the first atlas of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 84, 1968, pp.149-159.

Documents, in particular 15 letters from Willem and Joan Blaeu to Sir John Scot, discovered in 1967 and unknown to CASH, provide new information on the history of Pont's survey and the preparation of the Scottish volume of the 1654 atlas. The complex bibliographical history of its publication is detailed and Scot's central role in collaboration is shown. A most useful study bringing new insights to bear on this work.

MOWAT, John Caithness Geographers: notes of an address delivered to the Glasgow Caithness Literary Association by the President, Mr. John Mowat. (Caithness ?), 1912. 11p.

A pamphlet held in the National Library of Scotland which includes brief biographies of two Scots cartographers - John Elder and Timothy Pont. Reprinted from the John O'Groat Journal.

ROBERTSON, Joseph and GRUB, George "The editors' preface" in GORDON, James History of Scots Affairs, from MDCXXXVII to MDCXLI. Vol. 1. Aberdeen: Spalding Club, 1841. pp.25-46.

A useful biographical sketch of the life of James Gordon which discusses his connection with his father's work with the Blaeu atlas (based on NICOLSON). More valuable is the reference to his visit to Scot in 1642 and the construction of a map of Angus in about 1646 or 1647. His city plans of Edinburgh and Aberdeen are also discussed.

"Scotland's first map-maker: tribute to a pioneer" The Scotsman, Monday, August 8th, 1966, p.4.

Sketch of the work of Pont and the publishing of reproductions of the Blaeu maps by John Bartholomew and Son.

SKELTON, Raleigh A. "Blaeu: Scotland 1654 (Latin)" in County Atlases of the British Isles 1579-1850: a bibliography. London: Carta Press, 1970. pp.97-109.

The notes attached to this atlas in the listing include a history of the maps, a description of the atlas and a bibliographical history. Lists of variant states and the maps contained are adjoined.

Also in Map Collectors' Series, (fifth volume), no. 41, pt. 3, (1627-1670). London: Map Collectors' Circle, 1968. pp.96-109.

SPENCE, Rhoda "The map-making Gordons" The Scottish Annual and the Braemar Gathering Book, 1958, pp.157-166. illus.

The contribution of Robert and James Gordon to Scots cartography in the seventeenth century is discussed.

STEVENSON, David "Cartography and the Kirk: aspects of the making of the first atlas of Scotland" Scottish Studies, vol. 26, 1982, pp.1-12.

A consideration of the church's involvement and support in the creation of the Blaeu atlas, stressing the problems of collecting material for it. The author suggests that the descriptions requested from each presbytery may have been intended to provide information for insertion on the maps and may have included rough sketches themselves. A further proposition is that Scot and the Gordons endeavoured to produce replacements for maps felt inadequate (e.g. Fifae Vicecomitatus), resulting in a possible lack of understanding of Blaeu's priorities.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The preparation of the Blaeu maps of Scotland: a further assessment" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 86, 1970, pp.16-24.

Analyses the work of the Gordons and the publishing house of Blaeu as editors of Pont's manuscripts, with particular reference to the map, Aberdonia et Banfiai. It is suggested that thirty of the maps in the atlas of 1654 can be tentatively credited to Blaeu's editorship and eleven to the revision of the Gordons.

STONE, Jeffrey C. A Locational Guide to the Pont, Gordon and Blaeu Maps of Scotland. Aberdeen: Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, 1971. 4p. O'Dell Memorial Monograph, no. 3.

Three base maps are used to show exactly how many and which maps, both printed and manuscript, are available and relevant to students from the works of these major figures.

STONE, Jeffrey C. Maps of Scotland by Timothy Pont, Robert and James Gordon and Joan Blaeu: a study in historical cartography. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1972.

The most comprehensive analytical study of any period in the history of Scots cartography. This pioneer work studies the Pont manuscript maps held in the National Library of Scotland and compares them with the Gordon manuscripts and the printed maps in the Blaeu atlas covering similar areas, with regard to content, circumstance and method of construction, and subsequent use. A detailed pilot investigation of the "Nidisdaile" manuscript is made, analysing many aspects of the document. It provides much to suggest that the Gordon and Blaeu maps were separately compiled from the more reliable Pont originals. A high degree of accuracy of direction is found, but not matched similarly in distance.

There is a most valuable bibliographical review critically discussing original portions of relevant work before the bulk of the thesis scrutinises each map individually, testing a proposed hypothesis on the precise origins of the large scale maps. Pont's painstaking detail is stressed and his is the most preferable source, due to errors and omission in transcription. Probably more Pont manuscripts once existed and the present group contain various styles from rough to final draught. This study does much to dispel the belief in the importance of Robert Gordon's role in editorship and shows a need for revising CASH's list for at least eight maps.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Origins and sources of the Blaeu atlas of Scotland with particular reference to "Extima Scotia" (Atlas Novus, 1654)" Imago Mundi, vol. 26, 1972, pp.17-26. figs.

Reviews the progress of study of this major work and develops a study of the smaller scale map, Extima Scotiae. Pont may have relied on second-hand sources in some remote areas. The complexity of sources for the printed map is revealed. A paper presented at the IVth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Edinburgh, 1971.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Manuscript maps of north-east Scotland by Timothy Pont" Northern Scotland, vol. 1, 1972-73, pp.143-150. plates.

An account of techniques, especially the variable use of symbols in an early phase of modern map-making. After a general comment on the historical value of the entire collection of Pont and Gordon maps in their depiction of the rural landscape, three maps covering Easter Ross, north-east Moray and the north-west coast of Fife are discussed. These had been wrongly credited to Gordon by CASH and this discovery proves the map information dates from the last two decades of the sixteenth century.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Reverend map-maker" Geographical Magazine, vol. 45, 1973, pp.718-725. illus.

Pont's surveys between 1584 and 1596 are discussed and his maps, in their various states of neatness and accuracy, introduced. The irregular shape of some sheets indicate that others may have been lost from a once larger corpus. Lack of consistency in symbol use may be related to intention - these may be rough reference copies not final draughts and have survived because they are so difficult to read. Coloured illustrations of the maps are particularly valuable.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Problems in reading sixteenth century manuscript maps of Scotland" Proceedings of the 13th Annual Summer School, Society of University Cartographers, Aberdeen, 1977, pp.23-32. fig.

By the survival of manuscript draughts, Pont's work has a significance beyond its national context. Problems of overlap, decipherability, the degree of Robert Gordon's editing, reliability of symbol use and number of revisions on one map are outlined. Comparisons of the maps hint that Gordon's editorship is exaggerated, except in his native north-east.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The Blaeu atlas of Scotland" Map Collector, no. 10, March 1980, pp.25-29, 50-52. illus, port.

Little work has been done on the detailed content of the text and maps of this atlas, particularly regrettable because of its long and complex publishing history. Extant manuscript maps and those of the atlas are noted as evidence of authorship and date of compilation. Under scrutiny, the work shows a break-down into a series of small groups of maps, with only a few oddities (e.g. Lorna). External evidence shows the order in the atlas may be related to the differing origins of the maps and how they were received. Based on this, several statements on authorship and date of compilation are made. The importance of the index is stressed and the breaking-up of atlases for single sheets can affect our knowledge of early maps. The collation of the atlas appears on pages 50-52.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Robert Gordon of Straloch: cartographer or chorographer?" Northern Scotland, vol. 4, 1981, pp.7-22.

A most worthwhile re-appraisal of Gordon's work in editing the Pont manuscripts for the Blaeu atlas, including the first printed assessment of the historiography of any period of Scots mapping. Many ambiguities, if not inaccuracies, of description are shown. The source material shows him to be a "careful collator of Pont's work" and not a cartographer of note. Apart from the north-east of Scotland, Gordon's editorship amounted to only 35 additional names and the impression left is of a conscientious topographer working in a medium not his own.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Timothy Pont and the first topographic survey of Scotland c.1583-1596: an informative contemporary manuscript" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 99, 1983, pp.161-168.

Continuing his investigations of Pont's work, the author looks at a sheet covering South Uist and Linlithgow. Textual evidence shows that Pont was acquainted with the work of Camden and may have had plans to publish a work of some magnitude. A basic key indicates some ideas of conventionalism in use of symbols.

STONE, Jeffrey C. The Pont Manuscript Maps of Scotland: sixteenth century origins of a Blaeu atlas. Tring: Map Collector, 1989. 218p. plates.

The eventual publication of each of the remaining Pont maps, along with the author's analysis, stands as a landmark in the historiography of Scots cartography. 78 separately identifiable Pont maps are listed and discussed, including three previously credited to Gordon by CASH, combined with a sheet of four maps discovered in 1925, but excluding a chart of the Tay estuary now attributed to John Mar.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Timothy Pont's remarkable feat" Map Collector, no. 50, 1990, pp.12-16. illus.

An overview of Pont's survey and the 400 year history of his manuscript maps.

STONE, Jeffrey C. and GEMMELL, A.M.D. "An experiment in the comparative analysis of distortion on historical maps" Cartographic Journal, vol. 14. 1977, pp.7-11. fig, table.

The regional maps of the Blaeu atlas of 1654 are tested for accuracy based on distances measured between pairs of points. It is concluded that Gordon, working up to fifty years after Pont and with additional information to hand, was unable to make any significant improvement in the accuracy Pont had achieved.

FROM JOHN ADAIR TO THE '45 RISING

HODSON, Donald "Herman Moll: Scotland" in County Atlases of the British Isles Published after 1703: a bibliography. Vol 1: Atlases published 1704 to 1742 and their subsequent editions. Welwyn: Tewin Press, 1984. pp.127-136.

A continuation of work by SKELTON; entries 179-181 cover Moll's Scottish atlas in the three editions of 1725, 1745 and post-1747 with complete bibliographical details, description and publication history. Examples and locations for each edition are given.

1INGLIS, Harry R.G. "John Adair: an early map-maker and his work" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 34, 1918, pp.60-66.

Covers in particular his competition with Slezer for funds to meet expenses. Adair's work is characterised by its clarity and artistic effect, but his apparent procrastination affected Sibbald's patronage. His chief maps were not engraved nor published until after his death and his 1703 atlas contains a map of Scotland issued a century earlier.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "The Wade maps and other additions to the Society's collection" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 39, 1923, pp.181-183.

Introduces a collection of manuscript maps relating to the work of General George Wade which are mainly of routes through the Highlands and for the improvement of military bases there.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. Wade's Roads: what the newly found maps tell us. (Edinburgh, 1923?). 4p.

A xerographic copy of an article in the National Library of Scotland which looks at the manuscript maps added to the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's collection in the early 1920's. These maps show the roads and forts built at about the time of Wade's service.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "An aristocratic geographer: the singular career of John Elphinstone" Scots Magazine, vol. 30, 1938, pp.135-141. illus.

Brief biography of a Scots map-maker whose map of Scotland in 1745 was used by both sides in the Jacobite Rebellion. His was not a new survey but used the latest information (e.g. Alexander Bryce's findings for the north coast) to correct many errors in the existing depictions.

"Inventary of the maps and papers delivered by Jean Adair, relict of Mr John Adair, geographer, F.R.S., to the Right Honble. the Barons of Exchequer, in pursuance of a warrant from the Lords Justices, dated 21st June, 1723" in Papers relating to the Geographical Description, Maps, and Charts of Scotland. By John Adair, F.R.S. MDCLXXXVI-MDCCXXIII. The Bannatyne Miscellany, vol 2. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1836. pp.386-388.

A full list of all Adair's work, printed and manuscript, left to his wife - 39 maps in all.

MATHIESON, John "A French map of Prince Charlie's campaign" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 47, 1931, pp.150-158. figs.

In nine finely engraved sheets based on Robert Morden's outline, this map illustrates the route of Charles Edward Stuart from France to Scotland, his wanderings in the Highlands and Islands, and his return to France. The cartographer, J.A. Grant, was Colonel of Artillery to the Prince. The numerous notes of the campaign are of historical interest.

MOORE, John N. "Scottish cartography in the later Stuart era, 1660-1714" Scottish Tradition, vol. 14, 1986-87, pp.28-44.

Discusses the major figures and their achievements in an age of great vision but relatively little result.

STEPHEN, James S. "Our 18th century plans and maps" Aberdeen University Review, vol. 24, 1937, pp.137-141. plates.

Considers this collection of 146 photostatic copies of plans and maps connected with the Government's scheme for pacifying the Highlands, including several road surveys (c1715-1829).

WILLIAM ROY AND THE MILITARY SURVEY OF SCOTLAND, 1747-55

CHRISTIAN, Jessica "Paul Sandby and the Military Survey of Scotland" in ALFREY, Nicholas and DANIELS, Stephen (eds.) Mapping the Landscape: essays on art and cartography. Nottingham: University Art Gallery/Castle Museum, 1990. pp.18-22. figs, plate.

Sandby's artistic contribution is viewed. The author is careful to point out inaccuracies in the Survey.

DONNACHIE, Ian L. "Surveyor to the king" Scots Magazine, vol. 82, 1964, pp.180-184.

Brief life history of William Roy - the major military surveyor and geodesist of Scotland.

GARDINER, R.A. "William Roy, surveyor and antiquary" Geographical Journal, vol. 143, 1977, pp.439-450. plate.

Outlines Roy's life and examines the influence of his contemporaries on his career. The Military Survey is discussed in detail before turning to the particulars of his later work.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. Military Survey of Scotland 1747-55: list of field sheets. Typescript index held in the British Library Map Library, 1915. 5 sheets.

A listing of the surviving 84 sheets of the Original Protraction with some descriptive notes to accompany an outline index of the boundaries of the original sheets.

MACDONALD, George "General William Roy and his "Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain"" Archaeologia, vol. 68, 1917, pp.161-228.

Although concerned with Roy's major published work, much about his career is provided and errors in previous notices (e.g. GOUGH) are indicated. Working from Roy's own account, mistakes about the Military Survey are cleared up while the timing of parts of the Survey and Roy's particular involvement, position and role can be taken from information in "Military Antiquities".

MALLETT, Robert J. The Survey Technique: an illustration from the area around Old Meldrum, Aberdeenshire. Paper delivered at the Royal Scottish Geographical Society Centenary Map Colloquium, "Aspects of the Maps of Scotland", Dundee, 1984. 4p.

Describes an attempt to replicate the actions of a survey team of the Military Survey in Aberdeenshire by working from the instrument stations plotted on the map "About Old Meldrum". The findings suggest high levels of angular precision with distances, on average, over-estimated. The major sources of inaccuracy are not thought to be due to equipment or methodology.

MALLETT, Robert J. The Military Survey of Scotland 1747-1755: an analysis utilising the dual concepts of map form and content. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1987.

A detailed, thought-provoking assessment of the maps of the Survey and their planimetric and topographic accuracy. The rationale behind the work is viewed and, contrary to general assumptions (e.g. SKELTON), it is considered that it was intended as a gift - "a present from a loyal and victorious army to their monarch", in which accuracy was subordinated to appearance. Some pre-existing town plans were used in the mapping of a few settlements but, generally, the Survey relied on its own records. Overall, the Original Protraction was found more reliable than the Fair Copy but neither could be recommended as an accurate topographical depiction of the pre-improvement landscape in respect of settlement, cultivation and routeways. Where available, both maps should be used with the knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses.

MILLER, Ronald "Major-General William Roy, F.R.S." Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 72, 1956, pp.97-100. plate.

Biography of the founder of British scientific mapping. Also in The Glasgow Herald, Friday, May 4th, 1956, p.6.

MORRISON, Linda G. The Roy Map of Scotland: a documentary and field examination of photostat sheets 7/5, 8/5, 18/1. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 1967.

Three sheets covering parts of the Fife and Lothian coastline are examined and tested for accuracy of depiction of scale, measurement, human and physical features. Variations between sheets are noted, possibly due to differing qualities of draughtsmanship. It is stressed that a good general impression is given rather than a detailed picture. Greater comparison with other 18th century maps may have improved the tests for accuracy.

O'DELL, Andrew C. "A view of Scotland in the middle of the eighteenth century" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 69, 1953, pp.58-63.

Uses the Survey's maps to build up a picture of the landscape and, hence, discusses the value of the work. Paper read before Section E of the British Association, Edinburgh, 1951.

O'DONOGHUE, Yolande William Roy 1726-1790: pioneer of the Ordnance Survey. London: British Museum Publications for the British Library, 1977. 56p. illus, ports.

Illustrated catalogue to an exhibition mounted to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Roy's birth. In particular, pp3-19 cover the Military Survey and pp40-56, his plans for a national survey.

Research and the Early Manuscript Maps of Scotland. Xerographic copy of a typescript draft held in the Map Library of the National Library of Scotland. (1966). 5p.

Intended for Scottish Studies but, apparently, never published, this concentrates on the Military Survey, noting the variation between the Original Protraction and the Fair Copy. Stress is put on careful study and comparison with other contemporary plans.

SKELTON, Raleigh A. "The Military Survey of Scotland 1747-1755" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 83, 1967, pp.5-16. plates.

The course of the survey, the history and present state of the resulting maps and their character and style are considered. The deficiencies of the map (especially distortion) resulting from financial restriction and limited instruments, are shown. The map was drawn for the army and therefore emphasises features affecting troop movements. The article closes with important questions about the depiction of features. Also published as Royal Scottish Geographical Society Special Publication, no 1. Edinburgh, 1967.

WHITTINGTON, Graeme and GIBSON, A.J.S. The Military Survey of Scotland, 1747-1755: a critique. Norwich: Geo Books, 1986. 66p. figs, illus. Historical Geography Research Series, no 18.

An extended study of the reliability of the Survey as a historical source looking at settlement, land-use and place names, and comparing similar details with contemporary plans. Surveyors are seen as recording elements of tactical significance and not worrying necessarily about detailed morphology. There are differences between the Protracted and Fair sheets, which is taken to suggest that the map was not entirely the product of original survey. In many cases, the Fair copy is less clear and may be based on yet unknown sources of information.

WHITTINGTON, Graeme "The Roy map: the Protracted and Fair Copies" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 102, 1986, pp.18-28, 66-73. figs.

A detailed investigation of the Military Survey, concentrating on the Howe and East Neuk of Fife. Enclosures, rural settlement, cultivated land and the road system are looked at to assess the relationships of the two draughtings. Major differences in representation are found which imply a symbolic, but not necessarily inaccurate, indication of features on the Fair copy.

ESTATE SURVEYORS AND COUNTY MAPS

ADAMS, Ian H. Division of Commonty in Scotland: the use of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century estate plans held in the Scottish Record Office in a study of historical geography. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1967.

With stress on the worth plans have in showing landscape change, the first chapter views the collection and shows how several Acts of Parliament at the end of the 17th century provided compelling legal reasons for making plans in place of a reliance on written or oral descriptions. Increased contact with England stimulated progress but style remained simple and functional with little embellishment. All division processes had, at least, one plan to show boundary valuation lots and the scheme of division. The actual work of the surveyor in these processes is detailed. A valuable series of photographic copies of plans is attached.

ADAMS, Ian H. "Scottish large-scale plans: their value for studying the evolution of the Scottish rural landscape" in Early Maps as Historical Evidence. Papers given at the Conference on the History of Cartography, held at the Royal Geographical Society. London: Birkbeck College, University of London, 1967. pp.19-29.

Includes a brief history of Scots land-surveying but the comments made here tend to be re-iterated in the author's other works.

ADAMS, Ian H. "The land surveyor and his influence on the Scottish rural landscape" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 84, 1968, pp.248-255.

The impact of the work of 18th century surveyors in Scotland as landscape innovators rather than straightforward recorders is shown, justifying the author's belief in a Scottish "Agricultural Revolution".

ADAMS, Ian H. "Economic process and the Scottish land surveyor" Imago Mundi, vol. 27, 1975, pp.13-18.

The number and output of professional surveyors are viewed as a guide to the importance of land surveying, particularly related to agricultural improvement in 18th century Scotland. Developing from the 1720's and expanding after the 1745 Rebellion, the profession was heavily involved with estate changes, often in a consultative role. Such close ties led to a decline in the last years of the century, with a slackening of improvements, and a recovery during the Napoleonic Wars before the initiation of large-scale mapping by the Ordnance Survey in the 1840's removed the incentive for private surveys. The substance of this paper was delivered at the Vth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Warsaw, 1973.

ADAMS, Ian H. "Estate plans" Local Historian, vol. 12, 1976, pp.26-30. Sources for Scottish Local History, 5.

Resume of the plans, their availability, collections and guides to the material.

ADAMS, Ian H. The Scottish Land Surveyor and the Kondratieff Cycle. Paper delivered at the Xth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Dublin, 1983. 18p.

A further study of the contribution made to economic change in 18th century Scotland by the surveying profession. Fluctuations in their work and output show some correlation to cycles of economic activity, as suggested by Kondratieff. The very small number of improving landowners and their close family ties, strengthened by the activity of the Forfeited Estates Commission, aided the dissemination of advice.

THIRD, Betty M.W. "Changing landscape and social structure in Scottish Lowlands as revealed by eighteenth-century estate plans" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 71, 1955, pp.83-93. figs, plate.

Plans from Angus, the Lothians and Clydesdale are viewed with a regard to agricultural and social change. Based on a paper read to Section E of the British Association, Liverpool, 1953.

John Ainslie:

ADAMS, Ian H. John Ainslie, Map-Maker. (Edinburgh: Scottish Record Office, 1973). 13p.

This pamphlet, held in the National Library of Scotland, contains a valuable discussion of the life and work of a major land surveyor and cartographer. His early career in Edinburgh, as well as his civil engineering work and legacy are detailed. A chronological list of his maps and plans, 1765-1822, giving date, title and locations is included. Further lists cover undated plans, proposed county maps, books written by Ainslie and views of Scotland printed for and sold by him. A paper on this was given at the IVth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Edinburgh, 1971.

WATSON, G. An Eminent Scottish Geographer of a Century Ago. (c1890). 4p. Xerox of a National Library of Scotland pamphlet.

An early evaluation of Ainslie's career, omitting his work in England under Thomas Jefferys but with detail of his survey work.

Peter May:

ADAMS, Ian H. (ed.) Papers on Peter May, Land Surveyor, 1749-1793. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1979. xlii, 314p. table. Scottish History Society Publications. Fourth Series, vol. 15.

Documents from the Scottish Record Office, particularly the Seafield papers, relating to this 18th century estate surveyor are presented. The introduction covers his career and speculates on a school of North-East land surveyors including Thomas Milne, Alexander and George Taylor, George Brown and John Home. The important influence of the Board of the Annexed Estates on rural improvement and, thereby, surveying is emphasised.

Thomas Pennant:

WALTERS, Gwyn "Thomas Pennant's map of Scotland, 1777: a study in sources, and an introduction to George Paton's role in the history of Scottish cartography" Imago Mundi, vol. 28, 1976, pp.121-128. fig.

Correspondence in the National Library of Scotland gives light on Paton's major contribution to the dissemination of cartographical information. From 1774 onwards, Pennant relied on his guidance during the construction of his map. Richard Gough asked much from Paton while working on his British Topography.

A paper on this was given at the VIth International Conference on the History of Cartography, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 1975.

George Taylor:

ADAMS, Ian H. "George Taylor, a surveyor o' pairts" Imago Mundi, vol. 27, 1975, pp..55-63.

A reconstruction of Taylor's career is used to illustrate the opportunities open in the mapping field in the second half of the 18th century. His work included demarcation of the Highland Marches, road surveys in North Britain and commissions in Ireland and North America.

FAIRCLOUGH, R.H. ""Sketches of the Roads in Scotland, 1785"; the manuscript roadbook of George Taylor" Imago Mundi, vol. 27, 1975, pp.65-72. figs.

A manuscript of road sketches in Cambridge University Library is introduced. The book contains 103 separate pages of maps with detailed description of the places shown and is notable for its fine calligraphy and superb cartography. Taylor's other work is also mentioned. A paper on this was given at the IVth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Edinburgh, 1971.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY - SPECIALISTS AND THE WIDER MARKET

BOUD, Roy C. "The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland and the Ordnance Survey of Scotland, 1837-1875" Cartographic Journal, vol. 23, 1986, pp.3-26.

A detailed review of the Society's role in urging the Government to recommence and improve the Ordnance Survey of Scotland and the national position prior to the restart.

HYDE, Ralph "Reform Bill plans" Bulletin of the Society of University Cartographers, vol. 9, no. 2, 1975, pp.1-9. illus.

Includes a brief discussion of the 1832 Boundaries Report plans for Scotland. The author asserts that all major town plans were based on work by John Wood but is incorrect in stating that they all bear Dawson's signature.

SIMPSON, A.D.C. "Globe production in Scotland in the period 1770-1830" Der Globusfreund, vol. 35-37, 1987, pp.21-32. illus.

The relationships between the various figures from a variety of specialist trades is explored and product development discussed using surviving examples. A paper read at the 6th International Symposium of the Coronelli Society, Amsterdam, 1986.

SMITH, David Victorian Maps of the British Isles. London: Batsford, 1985. 176p. illus, plates.

By the time of Victoria's accession, the national differences in British mapping were less well defined. This study of a later period seeks to provide the collector with a means of identifying maps and to fill in the historical background. Scotland is well covered, especially in the listing of topographical atlases, pp.123-161, which includes works by Black, Blackwood and Johnston.

William Bald:

STORRIE, Margaret C. "William Bald, F.R.S.E., c.1789-1857; surveyor, cartographer and civil engineer" Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, no. 47, 1969, pp.205-231.

Although the bulk of Bald's career was spent surveying in Ireland and in Europe, he began as an estate surveyor in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland between 1803 and 1809. This period and the resultant maps are introduced before his later career.

John Bartholomew:

GARDINER, Leslie "Old times" in Bartholomew: 150 years. Edinburgh: Bartholomew, 1976. pp.6-16. illus.

A popular account of the Edinburgh firm's early development under John Bartholomew until his death in 1861.

W.& A.K. Johnston:

One Hundred Years of Map Making: the story of W.& A.K. Johnston. Edinburgh: W.& A.K. Johnston, 1925. 20p.

Brief centenary history of the Edinburgh map publishers.

James Robertson:

EYRE, L. Alan "Mapmaker extraordinary" Scots Magazine, vol. 126, 1987, pp.482-489.

Discusses the life and work of James Robertson, concentrating on his time in Jamaica but also describing his mapping activities in Scotland, particularly in Shetland and the North East.

John Wood:

"Wood's town atlas" British Museum Quarterly, vol. 27, 1963, pp.59-60.

Considers the important series of 48 Scottish town plans prior to those drawn for the Parliamentary Boundary Report.

THEMATIC SECTION

MARINE CHARTS

GOUGH, Richard "Charts" in Anecdotes of British Topography: or, An historical account of what has been done for illustrating the topographical antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland. London: W. Richardson and S. Clark and sold by T. Payne and W. Brown, 1768. pp.627-628.

Lists work by Nicolas de Nicolay, Humphrey Lhuyd, John Adair and Alexander Bryce.

GOUGH, Richard "Charts" in British Topography: or, An historical account of what has been done for illustrating the topographical antiquities of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2. London: Printed for T. Payne and Son, and J. Nichols, 1780. pp.575-578.

Augments his own work of 1768 and introduces material by John Cowley, John Jeffrey, James Barry, Murdoch Mackenzie and Joseph Huddart.

ROBINSON, Adrian H.W. "The charting of the Scottish coasts" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 74, 1958, pp.116-127. figs.

An introduction to the historical progress of the surveying of the coastal and inland waters. Many of these early charts were poor in hydrographic detail in contrast to the wealth of onshore information and were often out of date by the time they were published. Surveyors were hampered by a scarcity of topographic maps and a lack of established technique.

ROBINSON, Adrian H.W. Marine Cartography in Britain: a history of the sea chart to 1855. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1962. 222p. figs, illus.

The only detailed study of the hydrography of the British Isles, with coverage of Scotland which includes work by Adair, Mackenzie, Huddart and others.

Portolan charts:

ANDREWS, Michael C. "The boundary between Scotland and England in the portolan charts" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 60, 1925-26, pp.36-66. figs, plate.

These charts give much detail on coastal features, seaports and islands but political and natural frontiers were seldom shown, with an exception in the Anglo-Scottish boundary. The divide which appears on several maps may be due to unintelligent copying of earlier works rather than a real belief in Scotland's insularity. Lists of charts, by boundary type, are appended.

ANDREWS, Michael C. "Scotland in the portolan charts" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 42, 1926, pp.129-153, 193-213, 293-306. figs, plates.

The development of early charts in relation to Scotland between the 14th and 16th centuries is detailed. Thirteen typical forms of representation are indicated, with lists by type appended.

MOORE, John N. A Line of the Coast: the development of coastal mapping and hydrography in Scotland from 1540 to 1707. Glasgow: Department of Geography, University of Glasgow, 1988. 18p. University of Glasgow, Department of Geography, Occasional Papers Series, no 23.

The contributions of Lindsay, Collins and Adair are especially highlighted.

WINTER, H. "Scotland on the compass charts" Imago Mundi, vol. 5, 1948, pp.74-77. fig.

A poorly translated supplement to the theme covered by ANDREWS. New views and areas of study are introduced.

Nicolas de Nicolay and Alexander Lindsay:

ADAMS, Ian H. and FORTUNE, G. (eds.) "The charts in relation to the Rutter" and "Subsequent influence of the Rutter" in Alexander Lindsay: a rutter of the Scottish seas circa 1540. Abridged version of a manuscript by the late A.B. Taylor. Greenwich: National Maritime Museum, 1980. pp.36-41. illus. Maritime Monographs and Reports, no. 44-1980.

This study of the rutter by Lindsay in the Balfour Collection in the National Library of Scotland concludes with two sections on the charts which accompanied three of the six texts. It is assumed that the rutter preceded the chart as the latter's good outline was possibly based on an earlier Scottish land map corrected through reference to many sources, including the rutter's sailing directions. However, it is doubtful if Lindsay was the chart's cartographer, as much of the topographical detail on the chart is absent from the rutter. Furthermore, the knowledge needed for compiling a rutter was essentially different from that required for preparing a chart. The rutter is seen as a notable, but not exclusive, influence on maps of Scotland for some time, indirectly through the chart held by Lord Dudley or a cognate version of it. A study of place names shows a corpus of coastal and island features carried through to works by Waghenaer, Mercator and Nowell. This influence was superceded, in turn, by the work of Pont in the Blaeu atlas.

TAYLOR, Alexander B. Alexander Lindsay's Rutter of the Scottish Seas circa 1540. Paper delivered at the IVth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Edinburgh, 1971. 5p.

The influence of this navigational guide on Scots cartography and place name study, as well as navigation, is considered.

TAYLOR, Eva G.R. "French cosmographers and navigators in England and Scotland, 1542-1547" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 46, 1930, pp.15-21. fig.

Discusses the contribution made by Frenchmen to navigation and cosmography in the reign of Henry VIII, in particular that by Nicolas de Nicolay.

John Adair:

MACKENZIE, Donald M. An Investigation into the Accuracy of Adair's Scottish Sea Atlas of 1703 with respect to Coastal Navigation. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1982.

An examination of the charts in Adair's Description of the Sea Coast and Islands of Scotland attempting to assess their accuracy and the value of the accompanying sailing directions. Several tests and comparisons of distance and bearing, including the creation of passage plans are made, which show his work to be highly accurate and deserving of greater attention.

MOORE, John N. "Manuscript maps by John Adair: a further discovery" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 101, 1985, pp.105-110. illus.

Two further manuscript charts by Adair of the upper Forth estuary and the south-west coast of Scotland are discussed. It is possible that these were shown to the Society of Antiquaries in the 18th century and were the ones mentioned by GOUGH.

MOORE, John N. "Scotland's first sea atlas" Map Collector, no. 30, 1985, pp.30-34. illus.

An introduction to Adair's Description of the Sea Coast and Islands of Scotland compared with the work of Greenvile Collins covering the east coast of Scotland. Duplication of effort may be due to the inferior quality of Collins' work.

ROBINSON, Adrian H.W. "Two unrecorded manuscript charts by John Adair" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 75, 1959, pp.169-172. figs.

Two charts recently discovered in the Admiralty Library are studied. Both are unfinished but great detail is depicted in one covering the Orkney Islands.

Murdoch Mackenzie:

ROBINSON, Adrian H.W. "Murdoch Mackenzie and his Orcades Sea Atlas" Map Collector, no. 16, 1981, pp.24-27. illus.

The background and work relating to Mackenzie's 8 chart atlas, Orcades, or, a Geographic and Hydrographic Survey of the Orkney and Lewis Islands published in 1750 are described. The major persons involved are mentioned before the method of triangulation is detailed, Mackenzie resolving the problem of a flat base by using a frozen branch of the Loch of Stenness. Marine features appear in his key in great detail but topographical information, including archaeological locations, can also be found on the charts. The atlas ran to a further three editions and Mackenzie's later charting of the west coast is briefly related.

SMITH, Diana C.F. "The progress of the Orcades survey, with biographical notes on Murdoch Mackenzie Senior (1712-1797)" Annals of Science, vol. 44, 1987, pp.277-288. plates.

Working from contemporary manuscripts and Mackenzie's own correspondence, the background, methods and progress of the survey are related, again stressing the importance of a good land base-line.

GEOLOGICAL MAPS

BOUD, Roy C. "Agriculture and geology: the cartographic activities of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, 1832-1875" Bulletin of the Society of University Cartographers, vol. 20, 1986, pp.7-15.

The encouragement by the Society (HAS) of geological mapping in the 19th century combined with its campaign to recommence the Ordnance Survey of Scotland are considered.

BOUD, ROY C. The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland: episodes in cartographic patronage and government lobbying, 1833-1875. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Open University, 1987.

An in-depth study of the role of the Society in promoting the publication of MacCulloch's geological survey of Scotland, in encouraging regional geological mapping and in expediting the progress of the Ordnance Survey of Scotland. Its achievements, the characters involved, particularly the lesser-known surveyors who won premiums, and the reasons for its motivation are all considered. In particular, chapter three reviews the early geological maps of Scotland and chapter four investigates the efforts of the Society to have published MacCulloch's map. Much of this thesis appears, and is more accessible, in the author's later published papers.

BOUD, Roy C. "Institutional and individual influences on Scottish geological maps, 1804-1847: a cornucopia of publication or a mere trickle?" Cartographic Journal, vol. 25, 1988, pp.5-19. figs, illus.

A description of the development of Scots geological cartography in the first half of the 19th century, considering the role of scientific societies and the problems faced in publishing graphic forms of the strata.

BOUD, Roy C. Agrarian Patronage and the Early Geological Mapping of Scotland. Paper delivered at the XIIIth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Amsterdam, 1989.

An overview of the Highland and Agricultural Society's patronage. Abstract in Abstracts, XIIIth International Conference on the History of Cartography. Amsterdam, 1989. pp.35-36.

BOUD, Roy C. "Episodes in cartographic patronage: the Scottish Agricultural Society and the Coal District maps, 1834-1847" Cartographica, vol. 26, nos. 3 & 4, 1989, pp.59-88. fig.

The role of the HAS in encouraging geological surveys of coal-fields and the surveyors who prepared them are considered.

Ami Boue:

FLETT, John S. "The first geological map of Scotland" Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society, vol. 13, 1936, pp.291-303.

This first published map was the work of a French geologist, Ami Boue, included in his book on Scottish geology in 1820. The lack of a correct topographical base is again shown as a problem.

John MacCulloch:

BOUD, Roy C. "Aaron Arrowsmith's topographical map of Scotland and John MacCulloch's geological survey" Canadian Cartographer, vol. 11, 1974, pp.24-34.

The first large-scale geological map was published in 1836, based on the Arrowsmith base of 1807. Problems met by Arrowsmith and MacCulloch's difficulties in using this base are presented.

BOUD, Roy C. "The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland and John MacCulloch's geological map of Scotland" Cartographica, vol. 22, 1985, pp.92-115.

The encouraging role of the Society in geological mapping and its motives are again investigated. It was the Society which sought publication of MacCulloch's work posthumously for the benefit of the country and not, as suggested by CUMMING, for "personal profit".

CUMMING, David A. "Geological maps in preparation: John MacCulloch on Western Islands" Archives of Natural History, vol. 10, 1981, pp.255-271. figs.

Analyses the preparation of the geological maps which appeared in the third volume of MacCulloch's Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (1819), emphasising his care for detail.

CUMMING, David A. John MacCulloch: pioneer of "Precambrian" geology. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, 1983.

The major study of the life and controversial career of this early professional geologist. In particular, chapters four and six cover his survey work as Geologist to the Ordnance Trigonometrical Survey between 1814 and 1821 and on creating the maps to accompany his Description of the Western Islands of Scotland of 1819. His care for detail in the face of the problems of poor base maps, ill health, personal animosities and government bureaucracy are considered. However, the contentious issue of accusing the HAS of attempting to seize his surveys for their own use has been refuted by BOUD.

CUMMING, David A. "John MacCulloch, blackguard, thief and high priest, reassessed" in WHEELER, Alwyne and PRICE, James H. (eds.) From Linnaeus to Darwin: commentaries on the history of biology and geology. Papers from the Fifth Easter Meeting of the Society for the History of Natural History, 1983. London: Society for the History of Natural History, 1985. pp.77-88. Special Publication Number 3.

MacCulloch's career is defended against the personal attacks made on him. Problems and difficulties faced are discussed and his motives justified.

CUMMING, David A. "John MacCulloch: precursor of the British "Geological Survey"" Geology Today, vol. 1, no. 4, 1985, pp.124-125.

Biographical sketch, concentrating on his work for the Board of Ordnance after 1806 and the resulting financial problems faced.

EYLES, Victor A. "John MacCulloch, F.R.S., and his geological map: an account of the first geological survey of Scotland" Annals of Science, vol. 2, 1937, pp.114-129. plates.

Both survey and map are reviewed, stressing the significant role played by the HAS in securing publication in 1836. Another three issues of the map probably appeared up to 1843.

EYLES, Victor A. "MacCulloch's geological map of Scotland: an additional note" Annals of Science, vol. 4, 1939, p.107. plate.

Confirming the existence of a fourth issue of the map in 1843.

FLINN, Derek "John MacCulloch, M.D., F.R.S., and his geological map of Scotland: his years in the Ordnance, 1795-1826" Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, vol. 36, 1981, pp.83-101. fig.

An account based on Ordnance records of his career in government service.

JUDD, J.W. "The earliest geological maps of Scotland and Ireland" Geological Magazine, new series, decade 4, vol. 5, 1898, pp.145-149.

Short account of MacCulloch's work compiling Scotland's first geological map, indicating the problems of an insufficient base.

Louis Necker:

EYLES, Victor A. "Louis Albert Necker, of Geneva, and his Geological Map of Scotland" Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society, vol. 14, 1944-46, pp.93-127. fig, port, facsim.

The work of Necker and his manuscript map of 1808 are presented. This was the first map to illustrate the geology of the whole country and the article benefits from the inclusion of a facsimile of the original. The map's errors and omissions are noted but credit is given to Necker, considering his youth and the state of contemporary knowledge.

RAILWAY MAPS

MARTIN, Daniel W.M. "Maps & plans" in The Impact of the Public Railway in Scotland, 1808-1850: a bibliographical commentary. Unpublished F.L.A. thesis, 1984. pp.456-459.

A selected list of 23 of the more important published railway maps, dating between 1839 and 1850 - most appear in no.49.

ABERDEENSHIRE, BANFFSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE

JOHNSTONE, James F.K. "Maps" in A Concise Bibliography of the History, Topography, and Institutions of the Shires of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1914. pp.169-170. Aberdeen University Studies, no 66.

An alphabetical list by cartographer or title of 33 maps covering the counties from 1578 (Leslie) to 1902 (Ordnance Survey).

WATT, William "List of maps of Aberdeen and Banff" in A History of Aberdeen and Banff. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1900. p.425. facsims. The County Histories of Scotland.

13 maps are listed from the Blaeu atlas map (1654) to the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Atlas of Scotland (1895). Copies of Duo Vicecomitatus Aberdonia et Banfia from Blaeu and Aberdoniae Novae et Veteris Descriptio by James Gordon of Rothiemay are contained within this volume.

Aberdeen:

ANDERSON, P.J. "Ms. maps of Aberdeen" Scottish Notes and Queries, series 2, vol. 6, 1905, pp.186-187.

32 eighteenth century maps and plans of Aberdeen and its neighbourhood held in the British Museum are listed.

BARNETT, Muriel J.F. "Early map-makers and nineteenth-century surveyors of Aberdeen" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 79, 1963, pp.114-117.

Mentions the Gordons and James Gordon's map of the city in 1661, but concentrates on later engineers and local surveyors. An interesting note is the degree of inter-relation and association between such figures.

FRASER, G.M. "Aberdeen maps and views" Scottish Notes and Queries, series 2, vol. 7, 1905, pp.25-26, 41-43, 69-71, 115-117.

83 maps are listed and described.

JAMIESON, Wilson An Assessment of the Accuracy with which Roy portrayed the Human Landscape: two sample studies. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1969.

Two areas - Aberdeen and its environs, and the lands bordering the lower reaches of the River Findhorn - are studied with reference to contemporary maps, supplemented by written and pictorial sources, to reconstruct the mid-18th century landscape.

Comparisons are made with the Military Survey to suggest what degree of reliance can be placed on the map as a whole, with emphasis on human aspects of landscape. Some features in the Survey were copied from a rather inaccurate plan by G.& W. Paterson, with modifications by the surveyors' own observations. Important differences between the original and the Fair Copy are indicated. It is concluded that a primary survey must have been carried out as a control for accumulated errors, that there was carelessness in draughting or surveying, leading to inaccurate areal measurements, and that road and settlement depiction is uneven. The many individuals had preferences for inclusion and/or exclusion of material and varying standards of precision. A most valuable local study which underlines Roy's assertion that the Survey was "more a magnificent military sketch than a very accurate map of the country".

JOHNSTONE, James F.K. "Maps or plans of Aberdeen" in A Concise Bibliography of the History, Topography, and Institutions of the Shires of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1914. p.20. Aberdeen University Studies, no 66.

13 plans of the city are listed, selected from FRASER's listing. Surveyor, title and date alone are given. Also in A Concise Bibliography of the History of Aberdeen and its Institutions. Historical Association of Scotland, pamphlet no 3, 1913. p.12.

MELLOR, Roy E.H. "A note on the plan of Aberdeen by John Tallis circa 1852" Aberdeen University Review, vol. 48, 1979, pp.204-207. plate.

The importance of the plan and its vignettes in showing the city at a time of change, brought about by the arrival of the railway and the creation of the new harbour are reviewed. Prominent buildings depicted and some errors of omission and generalisation are mentioned.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The Roy Map of Scotland" Scottish Northern Investment Trust Limited, Report and Accounts, 1976. Inside cover. illus.

Describes the cover illustrations of the Aberdeen and Peterhead sections of the Military Survey, warning against a too-ready acceptance of the map's features.

Ballater:

WATSON, Adam and ALLAN, Elizabeth "Ballater in 1790" Deeside Field, vol. 19, 1987, pp.28-33. figs.

An anonymous manuscript plan of the lands of Tullich of 1790 is considered with regard to the changes in farm holdings, land use, place-names, routeways and woodland in the area.

Buchan:

COULL, James R. "The district of Buchan as shown on the Roy map" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 96, 1980, pp.67-73. figs.

A critical analysis of the section of the Survey covering the Buchan peninsula, in relation to physical and human features, as a contribution to local historical geography. While major features of relief and drainage are indicated, many discrepancies of depiction and consistency are noted in the former and in the mapping of peat moss. Settlement consists mainly of ferm-touns, where schematic sketches often replace exact numbers of houses, causing problems for comparison with other known sources. The problems of survey by traverse line are noted as is the marking of the early pattern of tracks.

COULL, James R. The Evolution of Settlement in the Buchan District of Aberdeenshire since the Late Sixteenth Century: the evidence from cartographic sources and from the 1696 Poll Tax assessment. Aberdeen: Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, 1984. 37p. illus. O'Dell Memorial Monograph, no 17.

A series of maps from the Pont manuscript are considered with regard to settlement representation. Several problems are highlighted and there is a series of valuable illustrations.

RITCHIE, George S. "Early charts of the Buchan coast" Transactions of the Buchan Field Club, vol. 18, pt. 2, 1972, pp.47-51. plates.

4 sheets of an 1834 Admiralty survey of the east coast of Aberdeenshire are introduced. They provide coastline and inland detail to a distance of about three miles. The fine calligraphy, the thumbnail sketches and views are the work of Lt. Otter, R.N.

Deeside:

STONE, Jeffrey C. "A map of Deeside in the late sixteenth century, by Timothy Pont" Deeside Field, series 3, vol. 1, 1974, pp.61-66. figs.

A study of the Pont manuscript of the area which is drawn from personal experience giving a detailed, if not wholly accurate, topographical depiction. The many amendments and alterations are stressed, as well as some oversights (e.g. the north-south trend of Girdleness) and the variations of scale. The map's real value is in the indication of rural settlement. The article ends with a brief mention of the Pont manuscript of Glen Tanar.

Mearns:

WATT, James C. "Cartography of the Mearns" in The Mearns of Old: a history of Kincardine from the earliest times to the seventeenth century. Edinburgh: William Hodge, 1914. pp.xlii-xlviii.

31 maps are listed and described with a view to the locality of the Mearns, particularly place-names.

ANGUS

ANGUS DISTRICT MUSEUMS List of all Maps and Plans in the Collection of Angus District Museums at Arbroath, Brechin, Forfar and Montrose. [1979-80]. Typescript. 7p.

Useful listing of 65 maps of the Angus area giving title, date, surveyor, condition and location within the county.

CRAVEN, Neil "Maps and plans" in A Bibliography of the County of Angus. (Forfar: E. Mann), 1975. pp.5-6.

A chronological arrangement of 17 maps and plans covering the county, with locations but no description, from the work of Pont to a map of constituency boundaries in 1949.

MARTIN, Anne I. Edward's Map of Angus, 1678: an evaluation. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1978.

The first study in detail of this sole example of Edward's map work which accompanies his Description of the County of Angus. All the known biographical particulars are considered and the suggestion is that lack of coverage of Angus in the Blaeu atlas may have prompted the drawing of this map. Tests of orientation and linear distortion are conducted, followed by correlation coefficient tests for comparison of the map's accuracy and originality. The results indicate highly accurate orientation, Edward being a more accurate cartographer than Gordon in comparison, it being unlikely that he consulted the Gordon manuscripts in compilation. The dissertation's tables indicate an impressive degree of testing for the level of the work.

MARTIN, Anne I. "A study of Edward's map of Angus, 1678" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 96, 1980, pp.39-45. fig.

Taken from her undergraduate research, the author again analyses the content of the map for possible origins or sources. Tests for plagiarism were conducted on comparable maps by Pont and James Gordon but Edward's map appears more directionally true. Place-names also point to separate surveys and it seems that the map was drawn independently, using local knowledge, on the initiative of the Earl of Panmure.

Dundee:

McLEAN, Lawrence Catalogue of Maps and Plans of Dundee, c.1678-1900. 1970. Typescript. 80p. illus.

Lists 196 maps and plans as well as an additional 10 views in chronological order, with notes on author, title, size, scale, extent of coverage, source and location.

Glamis:

THIRD, Betty M.W. The Changing Rural Geography of Scottish Lowlands (1700-1820): a study of changes in landscape and economy, as revealed for certain regions by contemporary estate plans and papers, and examples of the enduring effects. A critical selected bibliography of estate plans. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1953.

Studies estate plans of the 18th and 19th centuries, covering a major period of landscape and agricultural change. Approximately 350 plans from the Lothians, Clydesdale and Strathmore are catalogued. The Glamis, Hamilton and Penicuik estates are viewed to gain some understanding of the complex forces underlying the changes, of the actual processes at work and of the repercussions on both the land and people. Plans of the Glamis estate from one by Thomas Winter (Mains of Glamis, 1746) to that of James Abercrombie in 1771 (Newtown of Airly) are considered for their depicted features and survey information. Two useful listings of Angus and Hamilton plans, the latter largely the work of William Douglas, with details of percentage enclosed and interest value, are included.

ARGYLLSHIRE AND BUTE

Ardnamurchan:

CAMPBELL, Tony "Yesterday's maps: untarnished land. Strontian is still ready for "improvement"" Geographical Magazine, vol. 50, 1977, p.98. illus.

Looks at A Plan of Loch Sunart, &ct... engraved by Richard Coope in Edinburgh in 1733, possibly the one cartographic work of Alexander Bruce which appeared in the 1740 edition of Sir Alexander Murray's The True Interest of Great Britain, Ireland...

STORRIE, Margaret C. "A note on William Bald's plan of Ardnamurchan and Sunart, 1807" Scottish Studies, vol. 5, 1961, pp.112-117. plates.

Bald's early work in North Argyll for Sir James Milles Riddell as a private surveyor is introduced.

Arran:

BOUD, Roy C. "The early geological maps of the Isle of Arran, 1807-1858" Canadian Cartographer, vol. 12, 1975, pp.179-193. figs.

A review of these maps reflecting the growth in knowledge of the island's geology and the problems based on poor topographic coverage.

Auchindrain:

FAIRHURST, Horace "An old estate plan of Auchindrain, Mid-Argyll" Scottish Studies, vol. 12, 1968, pp.183-187. figs, plate.

A plan discovered in Inveraray Castle, attributed to George Langlands, c1789, is considered.

AYRSHIRE

LEBON, J.H.G. "Old maps and rural change in Ayrshire" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 68, 1952, pp.104-109. plates.

Pont's delineation and the Military Survey are viewed with regard to the illustration of the contemporary landscape.

STRAWHORN, John "An introduction to Armstrongs' map" in Ayrshire at the Time of Burns being Collections of the Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, second series, vol. 5, 1959, pp.232-255. facsim. in six sheets.

Considers the work of Andrew and Mostyn Armstrong, suggesting the break-up of their partnership could have been due to the latter not being a particularly capable surveyor. Mostyn's work was criticised at the time as mistaken and plagiaristic but a re-appraisal of the sheets of the Ayrshire map shows it to be competent, probably better in displaying physical rather than human features. Remote areas are generally less well shown. A list of works by both men is included and the article closes by discussing the Ayr town plan which is found on one of the sheets.

Ayr:

FORSYTH, James W. "Maps and plans" in DUNLOP, Annie I. (ed.) The Royal Burgh of Ayr: seven hundred and fifty years of history being Collections of the Ayrshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, second series, vol. 2, 1950-52, p.336.

11 maps from the period 1654-1858 are listed but not described.

STRAWHORN, John "Maps and plans" in The History of Ayr: Royal Burgh and county town. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1989. pp.272-273.

34 plans of the town area are noted with basic details of date, title, surveyor and scale from Blaeu to the Ordnance Survey.

Cunningham:

DOBIE, John S.(ed.) Cunninghame, Topographized by Timothy Pont, A.M., 1604-1608, with continuations and illustrative notices by the late James Dobie of Crummock. Glasgow: John Tweed, 1876. xix, 426p. facsim.

An edition of Pont's topographical account which contains an alphabetical list of settlements, parishes, large houses and notable hills. This version, edited by Dobie's son, extends the supplementary notes. Dobie senior printed 25 unannotated copies of Pont's account in 1825 entitled Timothy Pont's Cunningham Topographized and made extensive notes for a fuller edition but died before its completion. His work appeared under FULLARTON's editorship without proper acknowledgement of his research. This oversight was corrected by Dobie's son.

FINDLAY, Allan M. ""Cuninghamia" Timothy Pont's contribution to Scottish cartography re-examined" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 94, 1978, pp.36-47. fig.

This map is studied for style, content and accuracy to indicate techniques of analysis in historical geography. Pont's importance is re-emphasised over the contribution of his later editors. Precise dating of authorship increases the value of the maps in studying the late 16th century landscape.

FULLARTON, John (ed.) Topographical Account of the District of Cunningham, Ayrshire: compiled about the year 1600, by Mr. Timothy Pont. Glasgow: Maitland Club, 1858. xxxi, 235p. facsim.

The only example of Pont's written work supplementing his map of Cunningham, extended by additional historical notes largely by James Dobie. Fullarton's introduction includes a review of early topographies and maps, following NICOLSON's assertion that Pont compiled accounts of nearly every area of Scotland but disputing Sir John Scot's acquaintance with Pont. The history of the Pont manuscripts is followed until their deposit with the Faculty of Advocates and there are useful details on Pont's life and family.

Galston:

LEBON, J.H.G. "The face of the countryside in central Ayrshire during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 62, 1946, pp.7-15. figs, plate.

Rural change is discussed in conjunction with a study of estate maps for Riccarton and Galston parishes preserved in the Portland Estate Office, Kilmarnock showing the "Agricultural Revolution" continuing throughout the 19th century.

Irvine:

STRAWHORN, John "Maps and plans" in The History of Irvine: Royal Burgh and New Town. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1985. pp.235-236.

Chronological list covering Irvine and Cunningham from Blaeu to the Ordnance Survey which includes reference to a 1776 manuscript which seemingly has not survived and the 1820 Cunningham map by George Robertson. Several atlas maps are omitted.

CAITHNESS AND SUTHERLAND

MACKAY, Angus "Sutherland and Caithness in ancient geography and maps" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 42, 1907-08, pp.79-94. fig.

A philological study of the ten place names on Ptolemy's map which lie within the two counties. Other later maps are briefly considered also with regard to place names.

Caithness:

MOWAT, John Old Caithness Maps and Map-Makers. Wick: Peter Reid, 1938. 44p. illus.

Studies the work of three Scots cartographers related to the county - John Elder, Timothy Pont and Alexander Bryce, and considers Caithness in early maps and in county maps of the north-east.

MOWAT, John "Maps, charts, plans, etc." in A New Bibliography of the County of Caithness with Notes. Wick: Peter Reid, 1940. pp.48-50.

41 works arranged by date covering the period 1654-1937.

Castlehill:

MEGAW, B.R.S. "Farming and fishing scenes on a Caithness plan, 1772" Scottish Studies, vol. 6, 1962, pp.218-223. plates.

Introduces a plan of the lands of Castlehill, in Olrig parish, by William Aberdeen, discussing the detail in the vignettes.

Sutherland:

FAIRHURST, Horace "The surveys for the Sutherland clearances 1813-1820" Scottish Studies, vol. 8, 1964, pp.1-18. plates.

A discussion of the plans covering parts of Strath Naver and the Strath of Kildonan and two reception areas, Farr and Helmsdale, on the Sutherland estates which were drawn very soon before the Clearances of the early 19th century. The settlement patterns indicate crowding and low living standards and the casual approach to accuracy in portraying a buildings pattern could indicate that the plans were intended for use in the Clearances. A catalogue of 9 plans from Dunrobin Castle is appended.

MORRIS, G.E. "The profile of Ben Loyal from Pont's map entitled Kyntail" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 102, 1986, pp.74-79.

A study of the mountain's profile leads to several suggestions, namely that it is an accurate scale outline drawn from an ascertainable viewpoint, possibly on the eastern shore of Loch Loyal, that features on the profile may be seen as guides to travellers and that it may indicate routes used by Pont in surveying.

Assynt:

ADAM, Robert J. (ed.) John Home's Survey of Assynt. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1960. lvi, 103p. plates. Scottish History Society Publications. Third Series, vol. 52.

A systematic survey done of this parish for the Sutherland family in the 18th century - the last, finest and most expensive of the Highland estate surveys. In particular, pp.xviii-xxiii, liii-lvi, and part II, Home's accounts (pp55-59) are of interest for the discussion of the survey and the production of the one general map and a bound volume of 16 separate plans.

CLACKMANNANSHIRE, FIFE AND KINROSS

Clackmannanshire:

BROWN, William C. "Clackmannanshire: maps & plans" in Clackmannanshire: a guide to historical sources. [Stirling]: Forth Naturalist and Historian, 1980. pp.79-80.

Lists 5 county maps, giving location and scale, from Adair (1683) to the Ordnance Survey.

Alloa:

BROWN, William C. "Alloa: maps & plans" in Clackmannanshire: a guide to historical sources. [Stirling]: Forth Naturalist and Historian, 1980. pp.165-166.

7 plans (1710 to 1866), with location, size and scale, are noted.

Fife and Kinross:

MACKAY, Aeneas J.G. "List of maps of Fife and Kinross" in A History of Fife and Kinross. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1896. p.390. facsim. The County Histories of Scotland.

21 maps (1654-1895) are listed but not described. A copy of Fifae Vicecomitatus from the Blaeu atlas of 1662 is included.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The origins of the three maps of Fife published by Blaeu in 1654" Scottish Studies, vol. 29, 1989, pp.39-53. plate.

The exceptional duplication of coverage between Fifae Vicecomitatus and Fifae pars Occidentalis and Fifae pars Orientalis is studied. The smaller scale map may be based on a new and original survey of 1642 by James Gordon but the significant differences with the other maps point to these being the unedited work of Pont.

Dunfermline:

BEVERIDGE, Erskine "Maps of West Fife" in A Bibliography of Works Relating to Dunfermline and the West of Fife including Publications of Writers connected with the District. Dunfermline: William Clark, 1901. pp.293-295.

20 maps are listed but not described (c1570-1897).

DUNFERMLINE DISTRICT LIBRARIES A Guide to Local Maps & Plans held in Dunfermline Central Library's Local History Collection. Dunfermline: Dunfermline District Libraries, 1978. 9p.

Shows the type and scope of the local maps held, covering county and Ordnance Survey maps, local and town plans, and special (e.g. coal mining, geological and transport maps), arranged by date.

DUNFERMLINE DISTRICT LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS Local Maps: a revised guide to maps and plans held in the Local History Collection of Dunfermline Central Library. Dunfermline: Dunfermline District Libraries and Museums, 1988. 27p.

An up-dated, corrected and expanded guide to the collection, the bulk of which post-dates 1850.

St. Andrews:

BROOKS, N.P. and WHITTINGTON, Graeme "Planning and growth in the medieval Scottish burgh: the example of St. Andrews" Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, new series, vol. 2, 1977, pp.278-295. figs.

The article includes a critical review of the bird's-eye view plan of St. Andrews as a source for studying the medieval town. Errors are noted in depiction - street alignment, variable scale, representation of burgage plots and compression of street plan. Despite these, great care has been made to represent property boundaries and building detail.

McROBERTS, David "The sixteenth-century panoramic view of St. Andrews" in McROBERTS, David (ed.) The Medieval Church of St. Andrews. Glasgow: Burns, 1976. pp.151-152. frontispiece.

An account of a plan (NLS Ms Acc 2887) first published in 1843 but probably a late 16th century engraving drawn from sketches and notes of the mid-1550's sent to Cologne for inclusion in Civitates Orbis Terrarum by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenburg but, in fact, never published. There is no reference to SMART's work on the plan's calligraphy.

"A plan of the city of St. Andrews, from an original drawing by James Gordon, A.M. Minister of Rothiemay. MDCXLII" The Bannatyne Miscellany, vol. 3. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1855. pp.321-324. plan.

Brief description of Gordon's plans to accompany an illustration of his view of St. Andrews - a very different one from that discussed by SMART.

SMART, Robert N. "The sixteenth century bird's eye view plan of St. Andrews" St. Andrews Preservation Trust Annual Report and Year Book, 1975, pp.8-12. plate.

Discusses a post-Reformation view plan of the town. Study of the calligraphy leads to a belief that it is the work of John Geddy, probably drawn no later than the early 1580's, which is not contradicted by the architectural evidence.

DUMFRIESSHIRE AND GALLOWAY

MAXWELL, Herbert E. "Principal maps of Dumfriesshire and Galloway" in A History of Dumfries and Galloway. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1896. pp.400-401. facsim, illus. The County Histories of Scotland.

An early listing of 26 maps depicting the south-west (1654-1895).

MOORE, John N. "Additions to "The early printed maps of Dumfriesshire and Galloway"" Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, vol. 58, 1983, pp.80-83.

An up-date of STONE's list which discusses his dating and adds seven additional maps.

MOORE, John N. "Thomas Winter's chart of the Solway Firth" Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, vol. 59, 1984, pp.57-61. illus.

Considerable detail of the provenance of this chart made in 1742 is recorded in the Dumfries Council Minutes.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The early printed maps of Dumfriesshire and Galloway" Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, vol. 44, 1967, pp.182-195.

A carto-bibliography of 46 topographic maps of the south-west, in which maps from 1654 to 1850 are described with a brief assessment of accuracy.

Annandale:

ELLIS, Henry "Copy of a manuscript tract addressed to Lord Burghley, illustrative of the Border topography of Scotland, A.D. 1590; with a platt or map of the Borders taken in the same year, both preserved in one of the Royal Mss. in the British Museum" Archaeologia, vol. 22, 1829, pp.161-171. facsim.

Introduces a manuscript map of 1590 showing the Annandale-Liddesdale area, inserted in Burghley's copy of Saxton's atlas. Castles and tower houses, with the names of owners, are marked and the accompanying tract mentions the government of the area and the names of local officers.

Castlemilk:

MERRIMAN, Marcus "The platte of Castlemilk, 1547" Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, vol. 44, 1967, pp.175-181. plate.

Short introduction to a map in the possession of the Marquis of Salisbury - a product of the English practice of drawing plans of places they attacked or fortified during the "Rough Wooing". This map probably gives the earliest reasonable view of Dumfries and Lochmaben.

Dumfries:

DODD, William A. "Evidence from maps and plans" in The Medieval Town Plan at Dumfries. Unpublished M.Phil. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1978. pp147-163.

A concise review of the early plans of Dumfries is used to discover the town's layout as it previously existed, stressing the planned nature of the medieval layout. The discussion is valuably increased by illustrations of four plans and suggests that the Military Survey portrayal is based on a larger scale manuscript no longer in existence.

Lochmaben:

WILSON, John B. "James Tait's map of Lochmaben, 1786" Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, vol. 52, 1976-77, pp.177-179.

A rediscovered map of the burgh and its burghal territories is considered. Commissioned by the Town Council to assist their case for reduction and setting aside of earlier feus, it is now held at the National Archives of Scotland.

Nithsdale:

STONE, Jeffrey C. "An evaluation of the "Nidisdaile" manuscript map by Timothy Pont: implications for the role of the Gordons in the preparation of the Blaeu maps of Scotland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 84, 1968, pp.160-171. plate.

A local model sample of Pont's survey is evaluated to aid in the extraction of information and to provide a base for comparison with other manuscripts in an assessment of the whole survey. Accuracy of direction, distance and the portrayal of human and physical features are tested. Comparison with a smaller scale map by Robert Gordon dated 1644 and with Blaeu's Nithia Vicecomitatus shows Pont as a more reliable source, suggesting, in this case, that Gordon may have played little or no part in the compilation of the draught for Blaeu.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "The settlements of Nithsdale in the sixteenth century by Timothy Pont: a complete or partial record?" Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, vol. 50, 1973, pp.82-90. fig.

Attempts to assess Pont's reliability as a recorder by studying his representation of a locality, with reference to place-names. Those shown on Ordnance Survey maps were plotted and questions posed about his portrayal of settlement characteristics.

URQUHART, James "The first map of Dumfriesshire, 1599" in Dumfries and Galloway: our story in pictures. Dumfries: Sangspiel, 1972. p.19. illus.

A resume of the history of the "Nidisdaile" manuscript map and its appearance in the Blaeu atlas.

INVERNESS-SHIRE

ANDERSON, P.J. "Maps and plans" in A Concise Bibliography of the Printed and Ms. Material on the History, Topography & Institutions of the Burgh, Parish and Shire of Inverness. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1917. pp.51-61. Aberdeen University Studies, no 73.

Over 100 maps covering the whole or parts of the county between 1478 and 1911 are listed. Originally in Aberdeen University Library Bulletin, vol. 2, 1914, pp.433-443, 576.

FRASER-MACKINTOSH, Charles "An old map of Inverness-shire" in Antiquarian Notes: a series of papers regarding families and places in the Highlands. Inverness, 1865. pp.295-298.

A discussion of place-names shown on a map by Herman Moll.

LEES, J.Cameron "List of maps of Inverness" in A History of the County of Inverness (Mainland). Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1897. p.367. facsim. The County Histories of Scotland.

10 maps without description are noted and again the facsimile from the Blaeu atlas of 1654 is of value.

PARKER, J.A. "The old tracks through the Western Highlands: (as shown on Roy's Map of Scotland)" Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, vol. 20, 1934, pp.159-166. plates.

21 routes shown on the Military Survey are considered with comparison of two also delineated in Survey and Maps of the Roads of North Britain or Scotland of 1776 by George Taylor and Andrew Skinner.

Western Isles:

BEVERIDGE, Erskine "Ancient maps of North Uist, and descriptions recorded by early travellers in that island" in North Uist: its archaeology and topography. Edinburgh: William Brown, 1911. pp.332-336. plate.

The errors in early representations of the Outer Hebrides (Leslie and Blaeu), largely compiled second-hand rather than from personal knowledge, are mentioned.

CAIRD, James B. "Early 19th century estate plans" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.49-77. illus, plates.

A study of the large-scale estate plans of Lewis, Harris, the Uists and Barra drawn between 1799 and 1821 mostly depicting planned improvements. The work of the surveyors, the reasons for commissioning the surveys, their content and significance are discussed.

The exhibition which this book accompanies was first held in An Lanntair Gallery, Stornoway, 7-31 October, 1989 before touring the Western Isles in late 1989. Subsequently, it travelled to Edinburgh as "The Hebrides Surveyed", August 1st to 31st October, 1990. See reviews in WILKES, Margaret "A feast of maps" Scottish Book Collector, vol. 2, no 6, 1990, pp.8-10. illus. and STIRLING, Joe "On the edge of the known world" Scottish Field, vol. 136, no. 1061, August 1990, pp.53-54.

HAYES-McCOY, G.A. (ed.) "The island of Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides" in Ulster and Other Irish Maps c1600. Dublin: Stationery Office for the Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1964. p.34. illus.

Describes an untitled map of the islands of Lewis and Harris, Pabbay and Berneray presented to the National Library of Ireland. The concentration on coastal detail suggests the map was made by seamen, possibly employed on government service. Features are discussed and the map is shown to be among the best of the area's early depictions.

MACAMHLAIGH, Domhnall "De tha ann an ainm...?" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.89-95. illus.

Considers the cartography of the Western Isles from the time of Ptolemy with special reference to the recording of place-names.

MACLEAN, Gillian and MACLEOD, Finlay "Captain Otter & Captain Thomas" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair, 1989. pp.117-120. plates.

The work of these officers on the Admiralty's Hydrographic Survey of the Western Isles.

MACLEOID, Fionnlagh "Cumadh nan eilean" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.3-11. plates.

A detailed discussion of the various recordings of the Western Isles from James V's circumnavigation and the Lindsay rutter of 1540 until the Ordnance Survey of Lewis in 1846 and the 6 inch survey of Uist and Harris in 1880-81.

MOISLEY, H.A. "North Uist in 1799" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 77, 1961, pp.89-92. plate.

A plan of North Uist drawn by Robert Reid for Alexander Macdonald and superimposed with plans of alotted crofts is discussed. It gives a valuable picture of agriculture and settlement patterns prior to the abolition of run-rig.

STONE, Jeffrey C. "Timothy Pont" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.13-20. plates.

Considers two surviving manuscript maps of South Uist as a guide to the importance of local knowledge in building up a picture of Pont and his work.

WEBSTER, Diana C.F. "A cartographic controversy: in defence of Murdoch Mackenzie" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.33-42. plates.

The controversy between Dr. James Anderson and Mackenzie over the accuracy of the latter's charts of the Western Isles.

WILKES, Margaret "Missing, presumed lost" in MACLEOD, Finlay (ed.) Togail Tir: Marking Time: the map of the Western Isles. Stornoway: Acair & An Lanntair Gallery, 1989. pp.43-48. plates.

Briefly discusses maps of the Islands recently rediscovered, including a manuscript draft of Stornoway by John Wood dated 1821.

LANARKSHIRE

Glasgow:

ANNAN, Thomas Old Maps of Glasgow Photographed by Annan. Glasgow: James Maclehose, 1871. Folio. facsims.

Photographic reproductions of 3 maps of the Glasgow area; John McArthur, 1778; Thomas Richardson, 1795; and Peter Fleming, 1807 are accompanied by a page of brief notes.

BROWN, John A. "The cartography of Glasgow (With list of old maps and illustrations reproduced.)" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 37, 1921, pp.67-75. figs, maps.

Discusses several maps on which Glasgow is depicted from Pont's survey of the Nether Ward of Clydesdale to those of the Post Office directories of the mid-19th century. A chronological list of the more important maps of the city and a collection of reproductions are included.

HILL, William H. "Maps and plans relating to Glasgow and its neighbourhood" in Reference Catalogue of Books, Pamphlets and Plans, etc. relating to Glasgow in the Library at Barlanark. Privately printed. Glasgow, 1905. pp.129-131.

The maps grouped in three bound volumes are listed but not described. 21 separate maps appear before this entry in the list but most relate to the second half of the 19th century.

NIVEN, Alyson S. Glasgow Early Maps: an index. Glasgow: Mitchell Library, 1984. iii, 37p. illus. Glasgow Room Publications.

A compilation of the relevant sections of nos. 49 and 282, combined with a chronological list of 85 plans of the city before 1860 held in the Glasgow Collection. No differentiation between original plans, historical reconstructions or proposals are made and 8 of the maps cannot be traced. There are valuable lists of bibliographical sources and of surveyors, engravers and publishers.

STRATHCLYDE REGIONAL COUNCIL. Department of Education. Glasgow Division. A Teachers' Guide to Maps and Plans of Glasgow. Glasgow: Teachers' Centres Education Resource Service, 1984. 64p. illus.

A guide to availability of maps in the city and some of the uses of them in the classroom. The first section lists 29 maps from the 16th century to 1852 with locations.

Upper Ward:

PATON, George H. "Maps" in Checklist of Books, Publications and Maps, relating to the Upperward of Lanarkshire. Privately printed. Lanark, 1972. pp.26-27.

8 maps are listed from Pont to the Ordnance Survey, with author, title and date only.

LOTHIANS

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "The roads that led to Edinburgh, etc" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 50, 1915-16, pp.18-49. figs.

An account of the earliest roads which includes a general review of early surveys of Scotland, covering the work of Timothy Pont and the Military Survey. The information is not always reliable, especially in the matter of Gordon's editorship of the Pont manuscripts and the availability of the Military Survey to later surveyors.

OLD, Marion C. An Assessment of Captain Andrew and Mostyn J. Armstrongs' "Map of the Three Lothians". Unpublished B.Sc. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1977.

The originality, accuracy and information content of this map, published in 1773, is studied in comparison with the Military Survey, Laurie's 1763 map of Midlothian and a selection of mid-18th century estate plans. The map was produced on six sheets, includes plans of the three county towns and shows a sophisticated use of symbols. Unfortunately, the questionable quality of this research leaves little to be learnt from the study. There is no mention of the later family split, nor of the contemporary criticism of the son's work. Lack of any illustration hampers understanding and the author ignores STRAWHORN's work on their map of Ayrshire. Her testing for copying from the Military Survey shows a lack of understanding of its history. The author's points are inconclusive and provide little valid evaluation of either the surveyors or their work. Nothing said or proved by the author can justify her generalisation in the concluding sentence.

PREECE, Robert G. The County Maps of the Lothians, 1700-1850. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 1963.

The eighteen printed county maps of the three counties held in the National Library of Scotland are examined for accuracy and use of symbols. Descriptions of the maps and six illustrations are included. A great improvement in accuracy over the period is shown, particularly in the lowland areas and near intensive settlement. The uplands tended to remain poorly mapped. Little change in symbol use appears until the Ordnance Survey and new features (e.g. railways and canals) were not always immediately standardised. Settlement and road patterns were investigated for a section of each county showing that the basic framework was fixed soon after 1800 with little later change.

SHEDDEN, Laura M. John Adair's Maps of the Lothians: an evaluation. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1986.

Using methods outlined by Blakemore and Harley, the manuscript maps of the Lothians drawn by Adair in the 1680's and the later engravings by Richard Cooper (c1730's) are studied, concentrating on their planimetric accuracy.

East Lothian:

McMARTIN, J.S. An Exhibition of Maps of Dunbar, East Lothian and Scotland in Dunbar Burgh Library, Castellau House. June, 19th to mid-August, 1971. Dunbar: (Dunbar Town Council), 1971. 4p.

The exhibition displayed the development of Dunbar and East Lothian as well as illustrating the history of cartography in Scotland. 41 maps are catalogued from the time of the Greek geographers, 500-250 B.C. to the Ordnance Survey (1960).

MOORE, John N. "The early printed maps of East Lothian, 1630-1848" Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian and Field Naturalists' Society, vol. 18, 1984, pp.23-42. illus.

A listing of 28 topographic maps of the county, noting editions and certain variations. The maps are described and identifying features discussed.

PARRY, Martin L. Changes in the Upper Limit of Cultivation in South-East Scotland: 1600-1900. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1973.

In a study of the fluctuating cultivation fringe in the Lammermuir Hills, the author uses a sequence of county maps for evidence of early patterns. Fourteen maps, giving comprehensive coverage for the periods 1610-54, 1682, 1745-56, 1771-3, 1797-1810 and 1825-38, are considered worthy of detailed analysis. Estate plans are also used and the whole series is evaluated with regard to originality or plagiarism. The Military Survey is seen as useful for locating cultivation, being relatively accurate in depicting settlement and land use. A list of 60 manuscript plans in the National Library of Scotland, the National Archives of Scotland, Reading University Library and the library of Marchmont House, Polwarth is appended.

PARRY, Martin L. "County maps as historical sources: a sequence of surveys in south-east Scotland" Scottish Studies, vol. 19, 1975, pp.15-26. figs, table.

A discussion of a series of 32 county maps (1600 to 1860) covering the Lammermuir Hills-Stow Uplands area with a view to locational accuracy, originality and comprehensiveness in the depiction of cultivation and settlement. Fourteen surveys are seen to be original and regarded as useful in recording change.

Edinburgh:

COWAN, William "The early views and plans of Edinburgh" Publications of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, vol. 9, 1904-13, pp.37-49.

Develops and extends WILSON's account, giving descriptive and bibliographical details on 22 views and plans prior to the New Town development.

COWAN, William "The maps of Edinburgh 1544-1851" The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, vol. 12, 1923, pp.209-247.

A major attempt to catalogue the maps of the city by date, with 53 maps described and additional notes given.

COWAN, William The Maps of Edinburgh, 1544-1929. 2nd ed., revised with census of copies in Edinburgh Libraries by Charles B. Boog Watson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Public Libraries, 1932. 136p.

A revision of his 1923 listing with additional notes by Watson. An addenda of 73 plans, of which 44 are of pre-1851 origin, is included.

COWAN, William and INGLIS, Harry R.G. "The early views and maps of Edinburgh" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 35, 1919, pp.315-327. facsims, plates.

A review of plans of the city from that by James Gordon in 1647, covering Ainslie's and Kirkwood's maps. A chronological list prior to the Ordnance Survey is added, as well as an alphabetical list of surveyors and index of approximate sizes.

INGLIS, Harry R.G. "Notes on the exhibition of the early maps of Edinburgh" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 35, 1919, pp.134-136.

Reviews the exhibits at the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's exhibition from a picture-plan of 1544 to those of the 1850's. This was the first major collection of city plans.

LAING, David A Facsimile of Gordon of Rothiemay's Bird's-Eye View of Edinburgh, 1647: with an historical notice. Edinburgh: W.& A.K. Johnston, 1865. 8p. facsim.

The first accurate delineation of the city is reproduced and a brief history of it and its maker is given.

MEADE, M.K. "Plans of the New Town of Edinburgh" Architectural History, vol. 14, 1971, pp.40-52. plates.

Discusses the contribution of James Craig to the development of the New Town and provides a chronological list of important maps of the city in the 18th century.

ROYAL SCOTTISH GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY Edinburgh Displayed: a catalogue of a part of the centenary exhibition of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society held at the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh, October-November, 1984. Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Geographical Society, 1984. 17p.

A descriptive list of over 60 views and plans of the city from the 16th century sketch of an attack on Edinburgh. It also includes notes on land-surveying instruments on display.

SIMPSON, David C. Edinburgh Displayed in a Collection of Plans and Views of the City: the whole exactly done from the original cuts with notes by... Edinburgh: Lammerburn Press, 1962. 28p. 12 plates (facsims).

The notes accompanying these plans cover the background to production, the personalities involved and contemporary accounts and descriptions. A copy of James Gordon's plan of 1647 by Pierre Vander Aa and William Edgar's 1742 plan are included.

SIMPSON, David C. "City plans and the New Town" University of Edinburgh Journal, vol. 23, 1967-68, pp.52-57. plates.

Some plans of Edinburgh from the second half of the 18th century held in Edinburgh City Library are considered.

UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. Library. Edinburgh Delineated, in Maps and Views from the 17th to 20th Centuries. An exhibition mounted in Edinburgh University Library, Main Library, George Square from March 1st to May 7th, 1977. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Library, 1977. 5p.

The catalogue of an exhibition of maps of the city and its neighbourhood over the period of approximately 300 years. 35 items are listed and briefly described from the woodcut in Munster's Cosmographia Universalis (c1545) to a City Transport map of the early 1930's.

WILSON, Daniel "Ancient maps and views of Edinburgh" in Memorials of Edinburgh in the Olden Time. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: Hugh Paton, 1848. pp.201-204.

An early account of 15 maps of the city prior to the creation of the New Town.

Hopetoun:

ADAMS, Ian H. The Mapping of a Scottish Estate. Edinburgh: Department of Educational Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1971. 60p. figs, port.

Covers the mapping of the Hopetoun and Annandale estates in the Lothians, Fife, Lanarkshire and Dumfriesshire from the 18th century onwards. The work of Joseph Udny, who drew about 100 plans of these lands, and John and James Tait is discussed in detail. Emphasis on the role of surveyors in implementing change is again made. A topographical list of plans, by county and parish, illustrates the extent of activity. Published on the occasion of the IVth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Edinburgh, 1971.

GEDDES, Arthur "The changing landscape of the Lothians, 1600-1800, as revealed by old estate plans" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 54, 1938, pp.129-143. figs.

A rather rambling and disjointed consideration of change depicted on a series of 18th century plans including those of the Hopetoun estates.

MILLER, Edward K. The Effect of the Agricultural Revolution on the Landscape of the Hopetoun Estate, West Lothian as seen from Old Plans and Documents. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 1968.

The changes effected on one estate by an improving landlord and his tenants are studied. Surveying work by James Jameson, John Lesslie, Lewis Gordon and, particularly, Joseph Udny is viewed. Material is used to support the idea of a Scottish "Agricultural Revolution", changing the landscape. Some minor inaccuracies do occur (e.g. "John Adair's map, made in 1737") but the illustrations of several RHPs and their comparison provide a helpful local study.

Leith:

DONALDSON, Gordon "Map of the siege of Leith, 1560" The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, vol. 32, 1966, pp.1-7. plate.

Supplements STEER's original article with descriptive notes on some of the depicted features compared with sketches of the city made in 1544 and 1573.

STEER, Francis W. "A map illustrating the siege of Leith, 1560" Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 95, 1961-62, pp.280-283. plate.

Describes a map made after the Treaty of Leith now among the Petworth archives, Sussex.

Longniddry:

THIRD, Betty M.W. "Longniddry in transition (1778-1798)" Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian and Field Naturalists' Society, vol. 6, 1955, pp.6-8. plates.

Two estate plans of the village of Longniddry are considered for what is shown of local agricultural change.

Midlothian:

THIRD, Betty M.W. "The significance of Scottish estate plans and associated documents: some local examples" Scottish Studies, vol. 1, 1957, pp.39-64. figs, plates.

Studies RHPs of Midlothian in relation to agricultural change in the late 18th century. The plans are of Newton, Carsewell, Dalmahoy, Penicuik and Riccarton, and Houston in West Lothian.

Tyne Valley:

WATERSON, Robert "Timothy Pont map of the Tyne valley" Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian and Field Naturalists' Society, vol. 7, 1958, pp.44-45. plate.

A non-academic study of part of Pont's map of the Lothians, looking at place names and other features.

West Lothian:

WEST LOTHIAN COUNTY HISTORY SOCIETY Hand-list of Maps of the County of West Lothian. Typescript. (1966?) 5p.

172 maps and plans are listed, giving title, date and author. A general section is followed by parish lists, arranged chronologically with locations. Ordnance Survey maps are not included and the major part is made up of 18th and 19th century plans. The work is based on the work of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society and indices in the National Library of Scotland and the National Archives of Scotland.

MORAY AND NAIRN

RAMPINI, Charles "List of maps of Moray and Nairn" in A History of Moray and Nairn. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1897. p.430. facsim. The County Histories of Scotland.

Only seven maps covering the two counties are noted.

STONE, Jeffrey C. ""Moravia Scotiae provincia" by Joan Blaeu, 1654" Scottish Northern Investment Trust Limited, Report and Accounts, 1981. Inside cover. illus.

The map of Moray, used as the cover illustration, is discussed and it is suggested that the features depicted are those of the 1580's or 1590's.

ORKNEY AND SHETLAND

SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE "List of Orkney and Shetland documents: maps, charts and plans" in List of Orkney and Shetland Documents: gifts and deposits. [Edinburgh: Scottish Record Office, 1985]. Typescript. 16 leaves.

An alphabetical list by parish from 1693 to the 20th century with brief notes of date, surveyor and RHP location number.

Shetland:

BOUD, Roy C. "Samuel Hibbert and the early geological mapping of the Shetland Islands" Cartographic Journal, vol. 14, 1977, pp.81-88. figs.

With emphasis on the lack of topographical surveys of suitable scale and accuracy for the islands, maps and charts are reviewed before moving on to the detail of geological surveys, including work by Pont. These were often topographical sheets with a few brief annotations and are as valuable for detail of outline and location as for their information on geology - often they were, in fact, new surveys.

HENDERSON, T. Shetland Maps & Charts: descriptive catalogue of an exhibition in the Picture Gallery of Zetland County Museum. (Lerwick: Zetland County Library, early 1970s). 9p. fig.

A chronological list of 50 maps belonging to the County Library, from a map by Olas Magnus dated 1539 to a 20th century chart of Lerwick Harbour. Each entry has valuable descriptive notes.

JOHNSON, Heather L. John Bruce of Symbister's Chart of Shetland. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, University of Aberdeen, 1981.

An evaluation of this chart of Shetland published in 1745 by Reinier and Josua Ottens as Nieuwe Paskaard van Hitland, placing it in its historical perspective and analysing its contribution to Shetland's cartography. Degrees of accuracy and completeness are assessed to indicate that Bruce's work is original. This is the only chart surveyed by a Shetlander, local knowledge being of advantage in producing a chart more accurate than the work of Pont. Greater attention is paid to coastal detail but study shows increased distortion with distance from Bruce's home on Whalsay. Unfortunately, despite the comparison with Pont, no illustration nor figures for the distortion tests are included.

An appendix lists 81 Shetland maps and charts, with authors, by date up to 1879.

TAIT, E.S.Reid "John Bruce of Symbister's map of Shetland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 45, 1929, pp.141-144. facsim.

This rare map by the Ottens brothers in 1745 and used by Dutch sea captains to aid navigation is discussed. Bruce's work is mentioned by Sibbald in his Description of the Isles of Orkney and Zetland and is, in many ways, superior to that of Pont.

TAIT, E.S.Reid "Timothy Pont's map of Shetland" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 46, 1930, pp.210-214. plate.

Concentrates more on the details of the survey than on the map of Shetland and its particulars.

PERTHSHIRE

PERTH AND KINROSS DISTRICT LIBRARIES List of Maps and Plans of Perth and Perthshire. [Perth: Perth & Kinross District Libraries, 1970's]. Typescript. 10p.

A list of 80 maps and copies from 1715 to 1978, held in the Sandeman Library, Perth, with author, size, scale and condition noted.

Breadalbane:

McARTHUR, Margaret M. (ed.) "Introduction" in Survey of Lochtayside, 1769. Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1936. pp.vii-lxxiv. plates. Scottish History Society Publications. Third Series, vol. 27.

A survey of the Breadalbane estates in Perthshire on the north and south banks of Loch Tay, carried out by John Farquharson and John McArthur respectively. Its value in providing contemporary agricultural information is stressed.

Kindrogan:

ADAMS, Ian H. "Two maps of Kindrogan and their land surveyor, William Panton, M.A." Report, Scottish Field Studies Association, 1977, pp.14-20. plates.

The plans, one dated 1775, and the work of their cartographer are viewed in the light of agricultural change in the 18th century.

Perth:

McLAREN, Thomas "Early plans of Perth" Transactions of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, vol. 10, 1938-42, pp.1-22.

21 town plans from 1715 to one published in 1879 are listed by date and described, showing topographical changes. An abstract list, giving author, scale, size and location is appended.

Strathearn:

BIL, Albert "The mappe of Strathern, Stormount and Cars of Gourie, 1683, by John Adair: a study in historical cartography" Orb, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.40-49. illus.

A discussion of one of Adair's few printed maps and the only one covering his surveys in Perthshire existing today. Content and coverage are investigated and compared with contemporary topographical descriptions. A specific area, Drummond Castle, is studied in detail as the map was commissioned by James, Lord Drummond. However, the author has relied not on Adair's original but on an 1897 reproduction which is not entirely faithful to the former. The study is said to be inductive based on systematic investigation, but little detail is provided and the commentary is rather confusing. Orb is the Journal of Aberdeen University Geographical and Archaeological Society.

BIL, Albert "What is where: an introductory perspective of the content of Adair's map of Strathearn" Orb, vol. 6, no. 3, 1977, pp.101-109. fig.

Studies symbol use and content of this Adair map. Close investigation shows a large number of designs used, with more than one for particular categories on occasion. Human features are considered but mills, antiquities and communications are limited in portrayal. A detailed look at Dunning parish shows a high degree of accuracy of location.

RENFREWSHIRE

Greenock:

KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. David Reid's Plan of Greenock, 1818. Paper delivered at the XIIth International Conference on the History of Cartography, Paris, 1987. 8p.

An exploration of how a Scots provincial town was mapped in the early 19th century.

Paisley:

McCARTHY, Mary "Maps" in A Social Geography of Paisley. Paisley: Paisley Public Library, 1969. pp.185-186.

17 maps of the burgh are listed but not described, covering the period 1490 to 1965. The 1490 map is constructed from the Paisley Abbey Chartulary by William Motherwell.

Port Glasgow:

KINNIBURGH, Ian A.G. "John Ainslie's map of Port Glasgow in 1806" Scottish Geographical Magazine, vol. 76, 1960, pp.23-24. fig, plate.

Describes the features depicted on this map drawn at a time when the town was thriving.

ROXBURGHSHIRE, SELKIRKSHIRE AND PEEBLESSHIRE

DOUGLAS, George "List of maps of Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles" in A History of the Border Counties (Roxburgh, Selkirk, Peebles). Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1899. pp.471-472. facsims. The County Histories of Scotland.

22 maps are listed, of the period 1606-1895, but not described

MACK, James L. "Early maps of the Border Country" in The Border Line from the Solway Firth to the North Sea, along the Marches of Scotland and England. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1926. pp.50-63. plate.

The author considers the delineation of the Scottish-English boundary on a series of maps, from Ortelius, 1570, to a map of the county of Roxburgh, surveyed by N. Tennant and published in 1840. Place names are discussed. Careful scrutiny of the actual placing of the line shows continued inaccuracies until the Armstrong map of Northumberland of 1769, but with later surveys there was still confusion about the disputed lands (e.g. Dix's map of Northumberland, 1830). It is suggested that errors in Pont's depiction may be due to his not having visited the area during his survey.

Ettrick Forest:

STONE, Jeffrey C. "A newly discovered map of Ettrick Forest, Scotland by Robert Gordon of Straloch: implications for sources consulted by Joan Blaeu" Imago Mundi, vol. 31, 1979, pp.84-87. fig.

Analyses this map found in the papers of Sir Robert Sibbald and its possible origin. It may appear that Blaeu and Gordon used different Pont sources.

Hawick:

SINTON, James "Local maps" in Bibliography of Works relating to, or published in, Hawick. Hawick, 1908. Appendix 2, pp.15-16.

19 maps are listed (1606-1897) but not described.

Tweeddale:

STRACHAN, Michael F. Early Maps of Upper Tweeddale with Particular Reference to Glenholm. 1982, revised 1983. Draft manuscript paper held in the Map Library of the National Library of Scotland. 7p.

Concentrates on place-names shown on a series of maps up to the Ordnance Survey re-issue of 1897.

STIRLINGSHIRE

Stirling:

"An interesting exhibition: maps, plans, and plates of Stirling and vicinity" Stirling Sentinel, April 1st, 1890, p.2.

The opening paragraphs highlight some local maps, including those by Pont and Wood.