Scholars and literary men must know
that time is divided into three parts: past, present, and future.
Vardapets (doctors) of the Church should know about these
three in order to relate [what occurred] in the past, to discuss
the present, and to know about and forsee the future. Similarly
we too must write in a somewhat abbreviated fashion about the
present, about what transpired in our own period, about the wicked,
faithless kings of the East who brought ruin to the Armenian people
(Haykazean seris) in these latter days, and [we
must] make mention of all the foreign peoples.
A man named Tamerlane (T'amur-lank),
holding the faith and precepts of the obscene Mahmet, precursor
of the antichrist, appeared in the East, in the city of Samarqand
(Smerghand), merciless, cruel, treacherous, filled with all the
evil, [g9] impurity and strategems of the tempter satan. Some
say that he was from Sart'ap' which is in the district of Kogovit
hard by mt. Masis (where Noah's ark is) and close to the district
of Artaz. He went to Tabriz (T'awrez) and the khans sent him to
the k'eshiks (guards) to check the enemies on the
Khurasan road. He arose and went to Khurasan, crossed the Jehan
river [ Amu Darya] [2] and arrived at the city of Samarqand in
the East. Observing that the entire land was lordless, he became
the head of brigands and the chief of the murderers. There assembled
about him some 515 men who were as wicked as he was. Secretly
going to the city's fields, they ravished and made off with its
herds. The princes of the city came out to war against them. But
they turned about and fought [their pursuers] striking and killing
them. Then entering the city they took possession of it, and [Timur]
took the wife of its lord, Xanum, as his own wife. Gradually growing
stronger, he took the city of Bukhara. Crossing to the other side
of the Amu-Darya river he entered the country of Khurasan, and
took many of its cities, putting everyone to the sword. Fear and
dread fell upon [the people] and they gave the land over to him.
[Timur] tricked some with false bribes,
some he swore [to himself], [g10] some he adopted, some he gave
in marriage to his daughters, then killed the bridegrooms by means
of his daughters. He also took the royal city of Herat (Hre),
marrying his daughter to its prince. [The daughter] remained with
the man for a few days then killed him with a sword, sending to
her father for him to come and take the city. And he went and
took it, making it a royal city.
[3]Now a certain prince named Shah-Mansur
resisted [Timur] for more than eight years and did not yield Shiraz,
Kirman, and Isfahan (Aspahan). The foul Timur made peace with
him, and as a ruse, turned toward the East [as though departing].
Shah-Mansur sent a great many ambassadors and supplications to
him. When Timur saw the ambassadors who came, he feigned illness,
had a lamb brought, slaughtered, and drank its blood. He then
commanded that the ambassador be called into the multitude, and
Timur gave the appearance of someone dying. He had a copper vessel
brought and vomited out the lamb's blood before the entire multitude.
When the ambassador saw this he was inwardly delighted and thought:
"Today, soon, he will die". That night he jumped on
a horse, reached prince Shah-Mansur, and gave the glad tidings
to the entire land. And they held a great arayish, that
is to say, a celebration (handes). Then all the people
of the land who were harassed, [g11] hungry, thirsty and [had
been] greatly endangered, dispersed, each going to his dwelling
place.
But that evil scheming Timur organized
his army and traversed a journey of three or four days in but
one day, arriving at the city gates. Going to battle, in a few
days they destroyed them and seized their fortresses. Now the
brave Shah-Mansur, remaining intrepid, armed his forces of 800
men. Suddenly he opened the gates of the city and went[4] amidst
the countless, limitless brigade (gund) until they reached
the very spot where Timur had assembled the Aryan [Iranian] cavalry.
Then [Shah-Mansur] raised his sword over the head of satan's son,
but [Timur's] soldiers surrounded him with their shields and [Shah-Mansur
and his supporters] were unable to slay the dragon of the abyss.
Instead, surrounded by [Timur's] troops, they were cut down, one
and all. Thus did [the Timurids] capture the entire land of Khurasan,
the city of Balkh (Bahl), Khurasan, Shiraz, Kirman, Isfahan, Nishapur,
Kuran, Makuran, Tus, T'anjan, Damghan, Mazandaran, Ray (Re) ,
Qazvin (Ghazuin), and they reached as far as Sultaniyeh to the
borders of Tabriz in Atrpatakan. [g12] Edil, the prince of Sultaniyeh,
went before [Timur] with treasures and royal supplications and
made peace with him.
The khan of Tabriz, sultan Ahmad, under
the leadership of the emir of the Medes (Marats'), Ezdin ['Izz
al-Din Shir, Kurdish ruler of the Shambo tribe in Hakkari.] fled
via Ostan of the Rshtunis, to the city of Babylon (now called
Baghdad), to his relatives and troops, for they simultaneously
ruled them as well. Now the Edil whom we mentioned, led Timur
to the city of Tabriz and gave it over to him. Then secret consultations
took place in his army to kill Tamerlane the lame in the city
bath. But someone who learned about the plot went and informed
Timur privately about emir Edil's treachery. When Timur found
out, he had Edil summoned. He caused a fire [5] to be kindled,
had Edil placed alive in a copper kettle, and cooked in the presence
of himself and the entire multitude. And thus did they destroy
him.
Now this too is known: that before the
coming of Timur to our land, in 835 of the Armenian Era [1386],
the king of the North, named Tokhtamysh, lord of the Rus and Azax,
who resided in Sarai close to the Crimea sent an ambassador to
the khan of Tabriz, sultan Ahmad, Uwais' (Osis') son to make friendship
and peace. But [Ahmad] through wicked and foul deeds disgraced
him. When the ambassador [g13] returned to [Tokhtamysh] he tore
his collar before him, and filled with rage [Tokhtamysh] summoned
a prince named Jani-beg (Chanibek) and entrusted many troops to
him. [Jani-beg] came against [Ahmad] through the gate of the Alans
and Darband. Now [Ahmad] eluded him, came to Ostan and thence
to Baghdad. The troops from the north besieged Tabriz and after
fighting for seven days, they took it. Killing and robbing many,
they looted all of [Ahmad's] districts. Thence they went on to
the city of Nakhchivan (Naxchuan) and devastated all the twelve
districts of the Siwnik' country, killing and enslaving many people.
It was winter when this occurred. But suddenly, at the command
of God, a severe snow fell upon them on the day of the Revelation
of Our Lord. Many people escaped captivity. Then, leaving [6]
a large part of the booty behind, [Jani-beg and his men] returned
to their land by the same road whence had come the bestial people
of the Tatars, called Toghtoghan. And they made peace with the
country of Shamaxi since [the inhabitants] peaceably opened the
Alan Gates before them.
Now in this time there lived the blessed
and venerable vardapet of Armenia, Yovhannes, nicknamed
kaxik ("suspended", "hanging")--suspended
in the love of God. [Yovhannes] was from the district of Orotn,
from the village of Vaghand, son [g14] of the great prince Iwan(e)
from the line of the first princes of Siwnik' from which [line
too] was Vasak (who spoke slander before Yazkert, king of Iran
to the effect that their father's brother Vaghinak was slain).
[Yovhannes] was extremely wise and learned in the Old and New
Testaments, an unraveler of the subtle in the Bible and in profane
[works], a student of our vardapets, the great Esay and
Tiratur. [Yovhannes] assembled about himself many students from
all districts and made the Armenian people gleam radiantly with
vardapets and priests, with beautiful order and orthodox
doctrine. He especially struggled day and night against the Christ-hating
Aght'armayits' [Roman Catholics] of the Ernjak district. In these
days he reposed in Christ and there was darkness in the land of
Armenia. His students took his body and buried it at Ernjak monastery,
close to his student the blessed hermit Maghak'ia. [Maghak'ia]
was from [7] [Kafa] the seaside city of Crimea (Ghrim), son of
an extremely wealthy family. He left his inheritance and came
to the great vardapet Yovhannes. Receiving from him the
authority of vardapet, [Maghak'ia] went to the district
of Nakhchivan and constructed Armenian monasteries. He also endured
much resistance [g15] from those false Christians, the Aght'armayits'
[Roman Catholics]. Subsequently he was poisoned by his godmother,
an Aght'arma and left our people in great mourning. For he kept
in good repair the schoolhouses of two vardapets, Yovhannes
and Sargis: Aprakuneats' and Astapatin. Throughout the entire
duration of his life he ate no meat and drank no wine. He wore
two hair-cloths one he would remove and walk through fire, while
the other one he never took off. He wore around his body to his
knees an iron [brace] with four wide bands [which] tormented his
limbs [like] criminals[? Ew erkat' zandzambn
uner ch'ors matamb layn ew k'k'os
awazakats' pateal ir zandams iwr
minch'ew i tsunksn.]. Our spiritual
fathers vardapet Yovhannes and the cleric Mat'eos saw him
at the hour of his death and stood by him. And they informed everyone.
Amazed and astonished they glorified God and wanted to erect a
cross. But the great vardapet Yovhannes did not permit
it. Rather they buried him in their cemetary. People who saw Maghak'ia
said that from the feast of the great martyr saint [8] Sargis
to the feast of the Transfiguration (Vardavar) he drank
no water and that during Lent he ate only barley flour mixed with
water, from Sunday to Sunday. It was there [with Maghak'ia] that
they buried the great vardapet Yovhannes; the two [had
been] yoked together in faith to the honor and glory of the holy
Church. [Yovhannes] was born on the thirtieth of Nawasard and
died on the very same day, like the great patriarch Sahak. For
this is the normal death of pure [g16] Christian folk. May their
memory be blessed, and may their prayers be upon the world. By
supplications may Lord God have mercy on all of our people. Yovhannes'
death occurred three years after the hermit Maghak'ia's.
Yovhannes was succeeded on the [abbot's]
throne by that Christ-inspired source, that sun which never sets,
the second illuminator, vardapet Grigorios Tat'ewats'i,
by the consent and will of the great vardapet Sargis of
the holy congregation of Xarabast and by his dear brothers (hamshirak)
Yakob of Saghmosavank' in theAraratean district and by Georg Erznkats'i
and by the entire group (gund "brigade") of students
of vardapet Yovhannes of Metsob, Yakob and Mxit'ar Rshtuni.
On this, so much for now.
Let us return to our earlier narration
about the abominable king of the East. In 836 of the Armenian
Era [1387], [Timur] [9] took the land of Khurasan after an eight-year
war. After that he went and took the city of Tabriz of Gandzak
shahastan. Then he came against the fortress (dghek)
of Ernjak in the Siwnik' country; then against the Chakat country;
he took the city of Surbmari destroying to the foundations our
fortress which the venerable Bagratid family had strongly secured;
[g17] he captured the city and all the surrounding villages. Now
a pious tanuter named Martiros, an extremely strong warrior
from the village of Koghb, a merciful man, a lover of the poor
went up onto mt. Bardogh (called T'akalt'u by the foreigners)
with extremely manly and brave youths from the village and saved
all the believers through a great battle and with the intrepid
aiding power of mighty God, Jesus Christ, our Savior. And though
[Timur's] men fought many times, they were unable to take that
mountain. But subsequently [Martiros] was murdered by an unclean
Turkmen named Sahat' - drowned in the Araz waters, far from human
sight. In this time the holy cross of Getarget was lost. It had
been fashioned of the Wood of Life [the Cross] and given by saint
Sylvester as a gift to saint Gregory the Illuminator. Two clerics
from the blessed congregation of the holy father Vardik in Kaghzvan
had taken it and were secretly keeping it. Ch'aghat'a [Chaghatai,
referring to Timur] fell upon them, killing both. Thereafter no
one knew where the spot was; even though their bishops [10] searched
many times they could not find it. And there was great mourning
for all Armenia.
Next [Timur] came to the Araratean country
and Karbi and the Kotayk' country. He besieged the fortress of
Bjni, [g18] took it and killed the bishop of the land, lord Vanakan,
who was a wise and learned man, merciful and kind to all the poor.
Furthermore, they tormented the entire multitude of believers
with starvation, the sword, enslavement, and with unbearable tortures
and bestial behavior they made the most populous district of Armenia
uninhabited. Many people were martyred and were worthy of the
crown; [they] are known only to the One Who receives them, Christ
our God. May He crown them on the day that the flock of the righteous
are rewarded. Amen.
[Timur] took booty, plunder, and countless
captives. No one can relate the disasters and bitterness of our
people. Going with numerous troops to the city of Tiflis (Tp'ghis)
P'aytakaran, he took it and captured countless people; and it
is believed that those killed outnumbered those left alive. Now
it happened that the vardapet Step'annos nicknamed P'ir,
was there [in Tiflis] and escaped death by a hairsbreadth. [At
that time] the king of Georgia was Bagarat [V, the Great [11]
1360-95] descended from those Jews who were captured in
the days of the kings of Babylonia,
brought to our people, converted
to the faith of Christ by the Illuminator and then
numbered among our princes. And
they became the kings of Ani
and of all Armenia after the Arshakuni clan. [Subsequently] harassed
by the impious, they fled to Georgia, apostasized
the truth, and became Chalcedonians
doctrinally.[g19]
[Bagarat] came with numerous presents
to submit to the detestable
king, but [Timur], filled with satan's evil, made
him apostasize and then took
him and went to Qarabagh to the winter residence of our first
kings. Now the king of Georgia,
filled with the wisdom of the
Holy Spirit, tricked [Timur],
saying: "Give me numerous
troops so that I may go to Georgia,
take the entire land and turn
it to your faith--for the people
speak eight languages--I shall
subdue them all and bring them
to your religion". The peoples
[he referred to] are as follows:
Dral, Osed, Imerel, Mekrel, Ap'xaz, Sonk', Vrats'i,
and Mesx. [Timur] rejoicing,
dressed him in a robe of honor,
gave him numerous gifts and sent
him off with many troops. With
countless soldiers [Bagarat] came to Georgia.
Now this Bagarat secretly sent to his
sons Gorgi [George VII], Kostantin [Constantine I] and David to
come surreptitiously and help their father flee from Timur. [Bagarat]
took Chaghatai
[Timur]'s troops to the most narrow and tight
places, while the king's sons
held the expanse of the road;
putting their swords to work
they killed many of them more than 12,000 they say. Taking their
father, they went to
their dwelling.[g20]
Now in springtime the
abominable tyrant Timur took his
troops and secretly
came against the Turkmen Ghara Mahmat
[Qara Muhammad
Turmush, of the Qara-Qoyunlu Turkmens]. The
latter, informed,
fled from him. But [Timur] through a fast-paced campaign, like
a mountain-goat, reduced a journey
taking many days
to a short one, and came against [Qara Muhammad]
in the disctrict
of Chapaghjur. The latter turned back, joined
battle, and worked
an amazing feat, for he drove out the filthy
tyrant and killed
the chief of his forces, Loghmaghan, and
many other soldiers
with him.
He turned back and came to [that part
of] the country of Taron
called Mush. Now the country of the K'ajberunis,
Archesh, and Aghiovit, the most
ancient seat (tunn) of the
Xorxorunis and the city of Manazkert
in Hark' had been avoided [or
bypassed, xoys tueal i Ch'aghat'ayen]
by Chaghatai [Timur]. [The
Turkmens] arrived in the country of Paluni in the district [13]
of Taron, [where] the tomb of Yovhannes and At'anagines
[are], at saint Karapet, at the
glorious capital city, the monastery of the Syrian vardapet
Zenob Glak. Making an attack,
a group of pilgrims were captured,
pilgrims who had come to revere
the holy places of Karapet, Yovhannes, patriarch
At'anagines, the blessed hermits
Anton, Kronides and the seven
vegetarians. A certain vardapet Step'annos, [g21] a bishop
named Nerses from the blessed
congregation of Metsob in the
Archesh district, the hermit
vardapet Yakob and bishop Abgar
of the holy congregation rousingly
urged all for the love of
God and the honor of saint Karapet to confess their sins
and to commune in the redeeming
body and blood of the Lord, to
hold a great celebration, and to comfort the multitude of
clerics at the holy congregation
with mercy and sacrificial gifts.
Now lord Abgar the bishop and vardapet
Yakob received our
pilgrims with greater love and prayed many days with the
intercession of saint Yovhannes
and all the saints, to aid them
and free them from enslavement to the wicked tyrant.
Now the Turkmen army robbed all
of our Christians at the order
of the tyrant Yusup' [Qara Yusuf,
son of Qara Muhammad Turmush].
What remained of the goods and
the whole multitude they gave
in security to the emir of Xut'
named shex Sharaf [shaykh Malik Sharaf]. [14] He
forcibly took them to the Euphrates river,
close to the village of Hasdegh.
The Christians, rebelling, did
not want to ascend the mountain of Xut' and Sasun; rather,
avoiding it, they wanted to go
to their own land. Now [shaykh
Sharaf] violently and with blows--by the care of
God's mercy--forced us up the
mountain of Xut'.[g22] And on the
same day the forces of Chaghatai
[Timur] fell upon us. But merciful
God, Who works the will of those who fear Him and
hears their prayers, through
the intercession of saint Karapet
and all the saints aided us.
For the Turkmen named P'ir Hasan
who separated from Qara Muhammad
(and later killed him and his
son Bayram) came down the mountain, and we ascended.
At the same time bitter and fatal news
reached us that the
Turkmen army had taken the village of Hizank'uran (Hizan).
There one could see disasters
of anguish, for father disclaimed
son son, father; mother, daughter;
daughter, mother; brother, brother;
and lover disclaimed lover. And the clamor of their
cries reached to heaven. I, too,
was present [or ew es i ners
kayi]. In tears they began
to beseech God through the intercession of saint John
the Baptist, the blessed Apostles
of the congregation of angel-inhabited Ghazar, and the blessed
cross of Jacob, Christ's [15] brother which was in the monastery.
Their request reached God.
For the Turkmen P'ir Hasan wanted to depart and go to
Marat'u mountain. All of a sudden
he encountered the troops [g23]
of Chaghatai. And the people
took refuge in God and brought
to the blessed altar of sacrifice
an ox which they sacrificed in
the name of the blessed Apostles in the relics of the blessed
evangelist Luke and the Apostle
Andrew; and there are [to be
found there] two right hands
of the Apostles Peter and Paul
which the patriarch Sylvester
and king Constantine gave to
[Gregory] the Illuminator. It
is enclosed there. Tradition
has come down to us that it was
placed in Ghazar monastery.
Here one could see the bravery of men
in single combat; for the
brave-hearted roared and the faint-hearted fled, the weak
grew weaker. Helmets shone, swords
flashed, spears broke, brave
battled with brave and the noise of the clamor frightened
observers of this war. Here one
could see the mercy of God, the
fruit of prayers and the hope of the believers. For God
sent a force of angels to aid
them: three glitteringly white
men mounted on a white horse
came from above, descended and
joined with the Turkmen army,
as relates our spiritual brother,
the cleric Karapet (who saw the
event). Then the strength of
Chaghatai shattered and broke,
for one of the Turkmens named
Maraf [g24] killed one hundred
men. The eastern army turned in [16] flight, horrified by the
multitude of their own dead and
by the confusion of alarm at
the great war. Fear-ridden, they
fell off a precipice to their
destruction, more than 2,000
people it is said. Meanwhile
we, with our sons and daughters,
free from them, began with joy
and mirth in a great noise to
bless God the King of kings,
Jesus Christ, Who Has compassion, on the Christians, Who freed
[us] from the beasts of the East.
And we offered a mass of thanksgiving
and blessing to God in heaven.
An amazing event took place in this
time, for [there lived] a
pious and faithful woman from the district of Mush who had
an extremely respectable, desirable
son, with a face like an angel,
being about seven or eight years of age. Now when the
eastern army ascended the mountain
of Xut' many of the Christians
fled hither and thither and were
secretly staying in thickets
of the forest. When the infidels
saw them, they wanted to attack
and capture them. Now the saint-loving, pious mother
turned around and saw that they
were coming after her were gaininq
on her and were close to seizing the lad. Taking a
sword in her hand [g25] she sacrificed
her desirable son like an innocent lamb out of love for the lamb
Jesus Christ, as the heavenly Father who offered up his spotless
lamb, the son of [17] God, slaughtered and pierced on the Cross
erected above holy Golgotha. Then the child's mother, going on
a short while,
ascended a high rock and threw herself off, dying,
thankfully praising the name
of Jesus Christ. She did this
to prevent both of them from
being deprived of Christ, and turning into satan's portion. Rather
they would be God's portion
and a pleasing sacrifice, more so than the father of
faith, the great Abraham and
more than the mother Shamun who
offered [sons] as sacrifice to
God, inspiring them to die willingly
for God, our Messiah. These [sons] were Andranik,
Akar, Makar, Xoren, Xorsen, Aminadab
and Gaghie. And God permitted His beloved son to be killed and
Himself worshipped not
just that the God of Abraham or the house of ancient Israel
be glorified. Let not the old
Israel boast more than the new
Israel of the faith of the sons
of the great Abraham [g26] and of
Gregory the Illuminator, who
was of the corporal grandsons of the father of faith.
Let no one doubt or suspect this [story]
for we vardapets and
students went to saint Karapet [monastery] and again came
to Mush and brought someone who
saw and heard it, the hermit
father, the cleric Dawit', spiritual
brother of the blessed hermit
Bartholomew of the [congregation of] Holy Apostles,
from Ghazar monastery. From them
we ascertained the truth and have left you a testimony of the
blessing of God.
[18] But men from the district of Sasun and Xut', believers and unbelievers from the Mar people (anhawatk' yazgen Marats') [Marats', sometimes translated "Medes", refers to the Kurds] encouraging one another, all turned to plundering Chaghatai's booty, and they filled up with their loot and treasures.
Now on the second day Timur came to
the city of Mush and called its emir to him. The emir went with
the greatest presents and gifts. And [Timur] said: "Come,
take us to the Turkmen". [The emir] took them to the scene
of that very battle and showed him the multitude of slain. Awestruck,
[Timur] gazed at the sight, wondering at what had happened and
at how many had been pierced by the sword. Then he saw those men
ho had died, but not by the sword [i.e., those who
fell off the cliff]. [Timur] said in the hearing of everyone:
"This is not the deed of man, but of God the Creator".
[g27] He turned back to his troops and said: "Lead me against
him so that I may take my revenge". [The emir] said: "It
is not humanly possible
to get at him for he has gone up Marat' mountain;
and if you do go, he will wreak
great, unbelievable damage on
you". Accepting this, the
infidel turned to the city of
Baghesh [Bitlis]. Emir Sharaf
went to him and received him
affectionately and [Timur] gave
him a letter of peace; and there
was peace in all the land.
[19] Thence [Timur] came to Artske.
When he reached the gates
of the city, they seized a monk named Karapet, from
the village of Jugha, who was
coming from Jerusalem. They bound
him and took him in fetters. The captured Christians
remained firm in the faith in
the city of Samarqand. Subsequently there was a bishop [dispatched],
but he did not reach
that land; instead, he died in Sultaniyeh. But Christianity was
lost there when Timur's son Sha-Ruf [Shahrukh Mirza
(1407-47)] ruled as king in the
city of Herat, he set up his
son Ulux-Beg as king in Samarqand. Then an impure Syrian Nestorian
[qhasha] came and entered the home of one prince, staying
some days
with him for [religious] service, but slept with his
wife. Leaving the attendance,
he went to a distant place whence
he wrote to them, saying: "Your precepts and your
leader are false. I came among
you, recognized the falseness
of your precepts, and disgraced
your women".[g28]
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