95 A. A. Jafarey, "Avestan
Myths and Economy", Ancient Economy in Mythology,
pp. 35-4; Boyce, Textual Sources, pp. 10-11.
96 G. M. Bongard-Levin,
The Origin of the Aryans (New Delhi, 1980) pp. 47-67 describes
the Indian and Iranian traditions about the northern mountains,
comparing High Hara with a putative Rhip mountain in the Rig
Veda, mount Meru in the later Mahabharata, and the
Rhipaean mountains of Greek mythology.
97 A. J. Carnoy, "Iranian
Mythology", pp. 277-78, 280; Boyce, Textual Sources,
pp. 11, 16-17.
98 G. M. Bongard-Levin,
Origin, pp. 48-49, 67, 99-101, 115.
99 A. J. Carnoy, "Iranian
Mythology", pp. 299-300. Metal imagery pervades the Avesta.
According to the Bundahishn xxiv.1 when the first human
Gaya Maretan ("Human Life") died, his body became molten
brass, while the metals gold, silver, iron, tin, lead, quick-silver
and adamant arose from his limbs. "Gold was Gaya's seed,
which was entrusted to the earth and carefully preserved by Spenta
Armaiti, the guardian of earth. After forty years it brought forth
the first human pair, Mashya and Mashyoi", Carnoy, p. 294;
A flood of molten metal will burn up evil at the end of time,
ibid. p. 262; K. D. Irani, "Socioeconomic Implications",
p. 68 writes: "Metallurgy, though a technology, was in its
early days associated with sacred lore and the invocation of occult
forces. Its techniques, particularly the manufacture of steel
arms, were for obvious reasons protected by shrouds of secrecy.
Some of the technology, requiring the use of furnaces, became
the speciality of fire-priests in temples that maintained fire-altars--particularly
the techniques of generating fires of varying intensities".
100 A. J. Carnoy, p. 302.
101 G. M. Bongard-Levin,
Origin pp. 102-111, 117.
102 G. Gnoli, Zoroaster's
Time and Homeland (Naples, 1980); Boyce, p. 8.
103 A. V. W. Jackson, Zoroaster the Prophet of Ancient Iran (New York, 1899), Appendix IV, pp. 182-225; J. Darmesteter, Le Zend Avesta (Paris, 1892-93) ii, pp. 5-6 identified Airyanem Vaejah with Arran, the modern Karabagh; A. J. Carnoy, pp. 307, 364 n. 15; L. H. Gray, "Blest, Abode of the (Persian)", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, v. 2 pp. 702- 4; K. D. Irani, "Socioeconomic Implications",
pp. 60, 63.
104 Jackson, Zoroaster,
pp. 40-47. Jackson (pp. 220-21) also accepted the identification
of the Hyaonians with the Chionites, placed west of the Caspian
Sea by Spiegel, de Lagarde, and Wilhelm. Allen associated the
Hyaonians with Aia, see note 16 above.
105 A. A. MacDonnell,
Vedic Mythology (N.Y. 1974; repr. of 1897 ed) p. 29. Rasa
is mentioned in Rig Veda 10.121; Jackson, Zoroaster,
pp. 40-41.
106 Jackson, Zoroaster,
pp. 196-97 considered Daitya to be the Sped or Safed Rud (Kizil
Uzen) in Azerbaijan, though Justi and Darmesteter thought it was
the Kur or Arax. Boyce preferred the Jaxartes, Markwart, the Volga.
See Gnoli, Zoroaster's Time and Homeland, pp. 53-57.
107 G. Widengren, "The
Mithraic Mysteries in the Graeco-Roman World with Special Regard
to their Iranian background", La Persia e il mondo grecoromano
Accad. Naz. dei Lincei 76(1966), pp. 444-45; I. M. Diakonoff,
Phyrgian (Delmar, N.Y., 1985) p. xv suggests that the western
Mithra might have originally been the Urartian Haldi.
108 A. J. Carnoy, pp.
287-88.
109 Gnoli, p. 26.